Determination of Total Xylanase Activities of Various Thermophilic Bacteria

Öz

Enzymes, which have important metabolic functions in living organisms, make important contributions to human beings by using them for different purposes in many areas such as economy, food, agriculture, and industry as part of the daily lives. Today, enzymes, whose production and usage purposes, are increasing, were generally obtained from plant, animal, and microorganisms. In this study; the enzyme producing isolates and their total xylanase activities of various thermophilic bacteria (Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp. and Geobacillus kaustophilus) isolated from previously hot springs in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions were determined. In the enzyme activity of the isolates, 47 isolates showed xylanase activity less than 0.1 U/ml, 31 isolates were between 0.1 U/ml and 0.2 U/ml. However, 5 isolates of B. subtilis [BTX3 (0.206 U/ml), BTX6 (0.286 U/ml), BTX22 (0.2 U/ml), BTX27 (0.203 U/ml) and BTX32 (0.206 U/ml)] were exhibited highest activity for xylanase enzyme production.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bacillus subtilis
• Xylanase
• Enzyme activity
• Hot springs
• Thermophilic bacteria

Kaynakça

1. Aehle W, 2007. Enzymes in industry: production and applications: John Wiley, Sons.
2. Ammoneh H, Harba M, Akeed Y, Al-Halabi M, Bakri Y, 2014. Isolation and identification of local Bacillus isolates for xylanase biosynthesis. Iranian journal of microbiology, 62, 127-132.
3. Annamalai N, Thavasi R, Jayalakshmi S, Balasubramanian T, 2009. Thermostable and alkaline tolerant xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis isolated form marine environment. Indian Journal of Biotechnology 8(3):291-297
4. Avcioglu B, Eyupoglu B, Bakir U, 2005. Production and characterization of xylanases of a Bacillus strain isolated from soil. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 211, 65-68.
5. Baltaci MO, Genc B, Arslan S, Adiguzel G, Adiguzel A, 2017. Isolation and Characterization of Thermophilic Bacteria from Geothermal Areas in Turkey and Preliminary Research on Biotechnologically Important Enzyme Production. Geomicrobiology Journal, 341, 53-62.
6. Banka AL, Albayrak Guralp S, Gulari E, 2014. Secretory Expression and Characterization of Two Hemicellulases, Xylanase, and β-Xylosidase, Isolated from Bacillus Subtilis M015. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1748, 2702-2710.
7. Cannio R, Di Prizito N, Rossi M, Morana A, 2004. A xylan-degrading strain of Sulfolobus solfataricus: isolation and characterization of the xylanase activity. Extremophiles, 82, 117-124.
8. De Sousa Gomes K, Maitan-Alfenas GP, de Andrade LGA, Falkoski DL, Guimarães VM, Alfenas AC, de Rezende ST, 2017. Purification and characterization of xylanases from the fungus Chrysoporthe cubensis for production of xylooligosaccharides and fermentable sugars. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 1822, 818-830.

9. Demarche P, Junghanns C, Nair RR, Agathos SN, 2012. Harnessing the power of enzymes for environmental stewardship. Biotechnology Advances, 305, 933-953.
10. Ding C, Li M, Hu Y, 2018. High-activity production of xylanase by Pichia stipitis: purification, characterization, kinetic evaluation and xylooligosaccharides production. International journal of biological macromolecules, 117, 72-77.
11. Ding CH, Jiang ZQ, Li XT, Li LT, Kusakabe I, 2004. High activity xylanase production by Streptomyces olivaceoviridis E-86. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 201, 7-10.
12. Drout RJ, Robison L, Farha OK, 2019. Catalytic applications of enzymes encapsulated in metal–organic frameworks. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 381, 151-160.
13. Dusterhoft EM, Linssen VAJM, Voragen AGJ, Beldman G, 1997. Purification, characterization, and properties of two xylanases from Humicola insolens. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 206, 437-445.
14. Gallardo O, Diaz P, Pastor FI, 2004. Cloning and characterization of xylanase A from the strain Bacillus sp. BP-7: comparison with alkaline pI-low molecular weight xylanases of family 11. Current Microbiology, 484, 276-279.
15. Guler F, 2020. Optimization of Xylanase Production from Diverse Agricultural Wastes by Indigenous Isolates of Bacillus Species. Ankara University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Doctoral Thesis (Printed).
16. Guo G, Liu Z, Xu J, Liu J, Dai X, Xie D, Zheng K, 2012. Purification and characterization of a xylanase from Bacillus subtilis isolated from the degumming line. Journal of basic microbiology, 524, 419-428.
17. Haddar A, Driss D, Frikha F, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, & Nasri M, 2012. Alkaline xylanases from Bacillus mojavensis A21: production and generation of xylooligosaccharides. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 514, 647-656.
18. Hiremath Ks, Patil Cs, 2011. Isolation, production and characterization of alkali thermostable xylanase from newly isolated Bacillus sp. International Journal of Biotechnology Applications, 3, 48-51. Hubbe MA, 2016. Catalysts inspired by life. Biofuel Research Journal, 33, 430.
19. Irbe I, Elisashvili V, Asatiani MD, Janberga A, Andersone I, Andersons B, Grinins, J, 2014. Lignocellulolytic activity of Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor in fermentation of wheat bran and decay of hydrothermally modified hardwoods. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 86, 71-78.
20. Kiran OE, Comlekcioglu U, Dostbil N, 2006. Some microbial enzymes and their use in industry. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Journal of Science and Engineering, 91, 12-19.
21. Kocabas A, Gümüştaş N, Gönek S, 2017. Screening of Microorganisms Producing Xylanase from Soil and Partial Characterization of Xylanase. Karaelmas Journal of Science and Engineering, 7 (2), 503-508.
22. Krengel U, Dijkstra BW, 1996. Three-dimensional Structure of Endo-1, 4-β-xylanase I from Aspergillus niger: Molecular Basis for its Low pH Optimum. Journal of molecular biology, 2631, 70-78.
23. Kulkarni N, Shendye A, Rao M, 1999. Molecular and biotechnological aspects of xylanases. FEMS microbiology reviews, 234, 411-456.
24. Kumar CG, Joo HS, Choi JW, Koo YM, Chang CS, 2004. Purification and characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide from haloalkalophilic Bacillus sp. I-450. Enzyme and microbial technology, 347, 673-681.
25. Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Brock, TD, 2006. Brock biology of microorganisms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
26. Miller GL, 1959. Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of Reducing Sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 313, 426-428.
27. Niehaus F, Bertoldo C, Kähler M, Antranikian G, 1999. Extremophiles as a source of novel enzymes for industrial application. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 516, 711-729.
28. Roy N, Habib MR, 2009. Isolation and characterization of Xylanase producing strain of Bacillus cereus from soil. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 49-53.
29. Srivastava RC, Madamwar DB, Vyas VV, 1987. Activation of enzymes by reversed micelles. Biotechnology and bioengineering, 297, 901-902.
30. Subramaniyan S, Prema P, 2002. Biotechnology of microbial xylanases: enzymology, molecular biology, and application. Critical reviews in biotechnology, 221, 33-64.
31. Ulucay O, 2018. Purification, production and investigation of commercial use of 1,4-β-endo xylanase in various Bacillus species isolated from thermal resources. Kafkas University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Doctoral Thesis (Printed).
32. Ulucay O, Gormez A, Ozic C, 2021. Identification, Characterization, and Hydrolase Producing Performance of Thermophilic Bacteria: Geothermal Hot Springs in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey researchsquare (submitted). doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-348608/v1
33. Wainø M, Ingvorsen K, 2003. Production of beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase by the extremely halophilic archaeon Halorhabdus utahensis. Extremophiles, 72, 87-93.
34. Zeikus JG, 1979. Thermophilic bacteria: ecology, physiology and technology. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 14, 243-252.