A review of green composites mechanical properties and applications in automotive industry

Öz

Recently, there has been a serious awareness about the use of materials derived from renewable resources due to reasons such as global warming, environmental pollution and the possibility of running out of oil. With the production of composite materials from natural sources, there has been a significant reduction in carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions from the production of composites to the end of their useful life. In addition, the use of environmentally friendly composites produced from natural resources in the automotive industry has reduced costs, lightened the vehicle and reduced fuel consumption. Green composites emerge as a good alternative to the composites currently used in construction, aerospace, automotive, sports, packaging and, similar fields due to their features such as sustainability, biodegradability, high specific strength and specific modulus. However, the weak interfacial bond of the green composites between the matrix and the natural fibers, high moisture absorption, flammability at relatively low temperatures, low impact resistance and relatively poor strength must be further improved. In the study, the work carried out by researchers to improve these characteristics was reviewed and presented as a summary. The studies showed that different modification processes were applied to enhance the interfacial bond of the green composite and that additives were used for fire resistance. The aim of the study is to provide up-to-date information about the mechanical of green composites, their production methods, and their place in the automotive industry. The green composites provide weight loss in automotive parts is between 1.2–1.9 kg in the front door console, 0.8–1.6 kg in the rear door console and 1.5–2.5 kg in the trunk console of well-known car brands such as BMW, Ford, Renault and Volvo. Average gas emission target for new cars will be 95 g CO2 km-1 after 2021 in the EU. Using light weight green composites will significantly decrease the fuel consumption of vehicles consequently total car CO2 emissions reduce as well.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Green Composites
• Automotive Industry
• Mechanical Properties

Yeşil Kompozit Malzemelerin Performans Özellikleri ve Otomotiv Endüstrisinde Kullanımı

Öz

Son zamanlarda, küresel ısınma, çevre kirliliği ve petrolün tükenme olasılığı gibi nedenlerden dolayı yenilenebilir kaynaklardan elde edilen malzemelerin kullanımı hakkında ciddi bir farkındalık oluştu. Kompozit malzemelerin doğal malzemelerden üretilmesi ile kompozitlerin üretiminden kullanım ömrünün sonuna kadar geçen süreçte karbon ayak izinde ve sera gazı salınımında önemli bir azalma meydana geldi. Ayrıca otomotiv sektöründe doğal kaynaklardan üretilen yeşil kompozitlerin kullanımı maliyetlerde azalma, araçta hafiflik ve yakıt tasarrufu sağladı. Yeşil kompozitler, sürdürülebilirlik, biyolojik olarak ayrışabilme, yüksek özgül mukavemet ve yüksek özgül modül gibi özellikleri nedeniyle yapı, havacılık, otomotiv, spor, ambalaj ve benzeri alanlarda hâlihazırda kullanılan kompozitlere iyi bir alternatif olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak, yeşil kompozitlerin matris ile doğal lifler arasında zayıf arayüzey bağının, yüksek nem emiliminin, düşük yanma dayanımının, düşük darbe dayanımının ve nispeten düşük dayanımın hala geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Çalışmada, araştırmacıların bu özellikleri geliştirmek için yapmış oldukları yayınlar irdelenmiş olup özet şeklinde verilmiştir. Literatürde yeşil kompozitin arayüzey bağını kuvvetlendirmek için uygulanan çeşitli kimyasal veya fiziksel iyileştirme işlemleri yapıldığı ve yanma dayanımı için katkı malzemeleri kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Yeşil kompozitlerin otomotiv parçalarında hali hazırda kullanımına BMW, Ford, Renault ve Volvo gibi tanınmış otomobil markalarının ön kapı konsolu (1.2–1.9 kg), arka kapı konsolu (0.8–1.6 kg) ve bagaj konsolu (1.5–2.5 kg) örnek olarak verilebilir. 2021'den itibaren, yeni otomobiller için AB genelinde ortalama salınım hedefi 95 g CO2 km-1 olacaktır. Bu salınım seviyesi ise, yaklaşık olarak 100 km’de 4.1 l benzin veya 3.6 l dizel yakıt tüketimine karşılık gelmektedir. Yeşil kompozitlerin kullanımı araçların yakıt tüketimini azaltarak CO2 salınımını önemli oranda düşürecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yeşil Kompozitler
• Otomotiv Sanayi
• Mekanik Özellikler

Kaynakça

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