Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Relationship Between Ewe Body Condition Score (Bcs) at Breeding Season and Reproductive Traits

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 377 - 383, 31.03.2017

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) at
breeding season and reproductive traits
. The data set used in this study consisted of 395 ewes, 2-7 ages that are
Morkaraman, Awassi, Tuj, Romanov x Morkaraman Romanov x Awassi Romanov x Tuj and Karayaka in Atatürk
University Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Enterprise. The difference between the breeds for the BCS was
highly signifcant (p <0.01). The highest body condition score were Morkaraman (3.29 ± 0.07) and Tuj (3.17 ±
0.07) and the lowest BCS is Romanov x Morkaraman (2.77 ± 0.09). Body condition score didn’t affect the number
of fecundity and litter size statistically but the highest fecundity and litter size were determined in sheep score 4
groups


Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Mageed I, 2009. Body condition scoring of local Ossimi ewes at mating and its impact on fertility and prolificacy. Egyptian Journal of Sheep and Goat Sciences 4: 37–44.
  • Adalsteinsson S, 1979. The independent effects of live weight and body condition on fecundity and productivity of Iceland ewes. Animal Production, 28:1, 13–23; 13.
  • Al-Sabbagh T A, Swanson L V, Thompson J M, 1995. The effect of body condition at lambing on colostral immunoglobulin G concentration and lamb performance. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2860–2864.
  • Aliyari D, Moeini M M, Shahir M H, Sirijani M A 2012. Effect of body condition score, live weight and age on reproductive performance of Afshari ewes. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7: 904–909.
  • Arık İ, Zafer Yurtman Y, Özder M, Özdüven M L, 1997. Türkgeldi Koyunlarında Canlı Ağırlık ve Kondüsyon Puanı Arasındaki ilişkiler. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Zir. Fak. Dergisi.10:129-135 1997.
  • Atti N, Abdennebi L, 1994. Body condition and growth in Barbary ewes. Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes. 6:75–80.
  • Atti N, Theriez M, Abdennebi L, 2001. Relationship between ewe body condition at mating and reproductive performance in the fat-tailed Barbarine breed. Animal Research 50: 135–144.
  • Cobb R, 2005. The Importance of Body Condition Scoring your Ewes and Ram http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu/sheepnet/paperDisplay. (Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2016)
  • Corner-Thomas R A, Kenyon P R, Morris S T, Greer A W, Logan C M, Ridler A L, 2013. A study examining the New Zealand breed composition, management tool use and research needs of commercial sheep farmers and ram breeders. In: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics [AAABG], Napier, New Zealand, 20–23 October 2013. Pp. 18–21.
  • Dedieu B, 1992. Nothing body condition and tecnicaldiagnosis in mutton sheep in the Cevennes. Actes d’un symposium organise par 1’INRA-SAD et le CIRAD-IEMVT, toulouse, France.
  • Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Gürbüz F, 1983. İstatistik Metotlar I. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Geisler P A, Fenlon J S, 1979. The effect of body weight and its components on lambing performance in some commercial flocks in Britain. Animal Production 28: 245–255.
  • Gibb M J, Treacher T T, 1980. The effect of ewe body condition at lambing on the performance of ewes Relationship between body condition score and production traits and their lambs at pasture. Journal of Agricultural Science 95: 631–640.
  • Gibb M J, Treacher T T, 1982. The effect of body condition and nutrition during late pregnancy on the performance of grazing ewes during lactation. Animal Production 34: 123–129.
  • Gunn R G, Doney J M, Russel A J F, 1969. Fertility in Scottish Blackface ewes as influenced by nutrition and body condition at mating. Animal Science 73: 289–294.
  • Kandemir Ç, Koşum N, Taşkın T, Kaymakçı M, Olgun F A, Çakır E, 2013. Menemen ve Ile De France X Akkaraman Melezi Koyunların Üreme Performansı Üzerinde Vücut Kondisyon Puanlamasının Etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2013, 10, (1).
  • Kenyon P R, Morel P C H, Morris S T, 2004. Effect of ewe liveweight and condition score at mating, and mid-pregnancy shearing, on birthweights and growth rates of twin lambs to weaning. NewZealand Veterinary Journal 52: 145–149.
  • Kenyon P R, Morris S T, Stafford K J, West D M, 2011. The effect of ewe body condition and nutrition in late pregnancy on the performance of tripletbearing ewes and their progeny. Animal Production Science 51: 557–564.
  • Kleemann D O, Walker S K, 2005. Fertility in South Australian commercial Merino flocks: relationships between reproductive traits and environmental cues. Theriogenology 63: 2416–2433.
  • Litherland A J, Lambert M G, McLaren P N, 1999. Effects of herbage mass and ewe condition score at lambing on lamb survival and liveweight gain. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 59: 104–107.
  • Mathias-Davis H C, Shackell G H, Greer G J, Bryant A I, Everett-Hincks J M, 2013. Ewe body condition score and the effect on lamb growth rate. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 73: 131–135.
  • McInnes P, Smith M D, 1966. The effect of nutrition before mating on the reproductive performance of Merino ewes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 6: 455–459.
  • Molina A, Gallego L, Perez J I, Bernabeu R, 1991. Growth of Manchega lambs in relation to body condition of dam, season of birth, type of birth and sex. Avances en Alimentacion y Mejora Animal 31: 198–205.
  • Molina A, Gallego L, Torres A, Vergara H, 1994. Effect of mating season and level of body reserves on fertility and prolificacy of Manchega ewes. Small Ruminant Research 14: 209–217.
  • Newton J E, Betts J E, Wilde R, 1980. The effect of body condition and time of mating on the reproductive performance of Masham ewes. Animal Production 30: 253–260.
  • Özdemir Y, 2008. Karya Tipi Koyunlarda Vücut Kondüsyonunun Yıllık Değişimi. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 48s.
  • Rozeboom K J, Neale B D, Darroch C S, 2007. Relationships among ewe body condition scores, lamb vigour, colostral quality, milk composition and reproductive performance. Journal of Animal Science 85: Supplement 2, 138.
  • Russel A J F, Dowey J M, Gunn R G, 1969. Subjective assessment of body fat in live sheep. Journal of Agronomical Sciences, 72, 451–454.
  • Sarı M, Önk K, Aksoy A R, Tilki, M, 2013. Tuj Koyunlarında Doğum Kondisyon Puanının Kuzuların Büyüme Özellikleri ve Yaşama Gücüne Etkisi. F. Ü. Sağ. Bil. Vet. Derg. 2013; 27 (3): 149 – 154.
  • Sezenler T, Köycü E, Özder M, Karadağ O, Erdoğan İ, 2007. Karacabey Merinosu Koyunlarında Yaş Ve Vücut Kondüsyon Puanının Kimi Döl Verim Özelliklerine Etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007 4(3).
  • Thompson J, M, Meyer H, 1994. Body condition scoring of sheep. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1433.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2016)
  • Thompson A N, Ferguson M B, Campbell A J D, Gordon D J, Kearney G A, Oldham C M, 2011. Improving the nutrition of Merino ewes during pregnancy and lactation increases weaning weight and survival of progeny but does not affect their mature size. Animal Production Science 51: 784–793.
  • Türkyılmaz D. 2014. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat İşletmesinde Yetiştirilen Saf Morkaraman Ve Romanov X Morkaraman Melez Kuzuların Döl Verimi, Büyüme-Gelişme Ve Kesim-Karkas Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek lisans Tezi, 71s.
  • Ucar 0, Kaya M, Yıldız S, Önder F, Cenesız M, Uzun M, 2005. Effect of Progestagen/PMSG Treatment for Oestrus Synchronization of Tuj Ewes to be Bred after the Natural Breeding Season Acta Vet. Brno 2005, 74: 385–393.
  • Vatankhah M, Talebi M A, Zamani F, 2012. Relationship between ewe body condition score (BCS) at mating and reproductive and productive traits in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. Small Ruminant Research 106 (2012) 105– 109.
  • Verbeek E, Waas J R, Oliver M H, McLeay L M, Ferguson D M, Matthews L R, 2012. Motivation to obtain a food reward of pregnant ewes in negative energy balance: behavioural, metabolic and endocrine considerations. Hormones and Behaviour 62: 162–172.
  • Vin˜oles C, Forsberg M, Banchero G, Rubianes E, 2002. Ovarian follicular dynamics and endrocrine profiles in Polwarth ewes with high and low body condition. Animal Science 74: 539–545.
  • Vin˜oles C, Forsberg M, Martın G B, Cajarvılle C, Repetto J, Meikle A, 2005. Short-term nutritional supplementation of ewes in low body condition affects follicle development due to an increase in glucose and metabolic hormones Society for Reproduction and Fertility DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00536 ISSN 1470–1626 (paper) 1741–7899 (online).
  • Yıldırır M, Sezenler T, Erdoğan İ, Yüksel M A, Soysal D, Ceyhan A, 2011. The present studies on animal genetic resources in Bandırma Sheep Research Station: a Review. J. Anim. Sci. Adv. 1(2): 73-78.
  • Yılmaz M T, Altın İ, Cemal O, Yılmaz O, Karaca T, Taşkın T, 2004. Kıvırcık koyunların koç katım dönemi kondüsyonları. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, 1-3 Eylül, Isparta.

Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 377 - 383, 31.03.2017

Öz

Bu çalışma ile Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Morkaraman, İvesi, Tuj,
Romanov x Morkaraman, Romanov x İvesi, Romanov x Tuj ve Karayaka ırkı 395 baş 2-5 yaş arasındaki koyunlarda
döl verim parametreleri ve bu parametrelerin aşım sezonu vücut kondisyon skoru (VKS) ile ilişkisinin araştırılması
amaçlanmıştır. VKS açısından ırklar arasındaki fark çok önemli (p<0.01) bulunmuştur. En yüksek vücut kondisyon
skoruna Morkaraman (3.29±0.07) ile Tuj (3.17±0.07) ırkı koyunlar, en düşük VKS’na ise Romanov x Morkaraman
(2.77±0.09) ırkı koyunlar sahiptir. Yapılan çalışmada koç katım döneminde vücut kondisyon skorunun koç altı
koyun başına ve doğuran koyun başına düşen döl verim ölçütleri üzerine istatistiki bir etkisi tespit edilmemiş ancak
en yüksek döl verimi 4 skor grubu koyunlarda belirlenmiştir



Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Mageed I, 2009. Body condition scoring of local Ossimi ewes at mating and its impact on fertility and prolificacy. Egyptian Journal of Sheep and Goat Sciences 4: 37–44.
  • Adalsteinsson S, 1979. The independent effects of live weight and body condition on fecundity and productivity of Iceland ewes. Animal Production, 28:1, 13–23; 13.
  • Al-Sabbagh T A, Swanson L V, Thompson J M, 1995. The effect of body condition at lambing on colostral immunoglobulin G concentration and lamb performance. Journal of Animal Science 73: 2860–2864.
  • Aliyari D, Moeini M M, Shahir M H, Sirijani M A 2012. Effect of body condition score, live weight and age on reproductive performance of Afshari ewes. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7: 904–909.
  • Arık İ, Zafer Yurtman Y, Özder M, Özdüven M L, 1997. Türkgeldi Koyunlarında Canlı Ağırlık ve Kondüsyon Puanı Arasındaki ilişkiler. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Zir. Fak. Dergisi.10:129-135 1997.
  • Atti N, Abdennebi L, 1994. Body condition and growth in Barbary ewes. Cahiers Options Mediterraneennes. 6:75–80.
  • Atti N, Theriez M, Abdennebi L, 2001. Relationship between ewe body condition at mating and reproductive performance in the fat-tailed Barbarine breed. Animal Research 50: 135–144.
  • Cobb R, 2005. The Importance of Body Condition Scoring your Ewes and Ram http://www.livestocktrail.uiuc.edu/sheepnet/paperDisplay. (Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2016)
  • Corner-Thomas R A, Kenyon P R, Morris S T, Greer A W, Logan C M, Ridler A L, 2013. A study examining the New Zealand breed composition, management tool use and research needs of commercial sheep farmers and ram breeders. In: Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Animal Breeding and Genetics [AAABG], Napier, New Zealand, 20–23 October 2013. Pp. 18–21.
  • Dedieu B, 1992. Nothing body condition and tecnicaldiagnosis in mutton sheep in the Cevennes. Actes d’un symposium organise par 1’INRA-SAD et le CIRAD-IEMVT, toulouse, France.
  • Düzgüneş O, Kesici T, Gürbüz F, 1983. İstatistik Metotlar I. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Geisler P A, Fenlon J S, 1979. The effect of body weight and its components on lambing performance in some commercial flocks in Britain. Animal Production 28: 245–255.
  • Gibb M J, Treacher T T, 1980. The effect of ewe body condition at lambing on the performance of ewes Relationship between body condition score and production traits and their lambs at pasture. Journal of Agricultural Science 95: 631–640.
  • Gibb M J, Treacher T T, 1982. The effect of body condition and nutrition during late pregnancy on the performance of grazing ewes during lactation. Animal Production 34: 123–129.
  • Gunn R G, Doney J M, Russel A J F, 1969. Fertility in Scottish Blackface ewes as influenced by nutrition and body condition at mating. Animal Science 73: 289–294.
  • Kandemir Ç, Koşum N, Taşkın T, Kaymakçı M, Olgun F A, Çakır E, 2013. Menemen ve Ile De France X Akkaraman Melezi Koyunların Üreme Performansı Üzerinde Vücut Kondisyon Puanlamasının Etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2013, 10, (1).
  • Kenyon P R, Morel P C H, Morris S T, 2004. Effect of ewe liveweight and condition score at mating, and mid-pregnancy shearing, on birthweights and growth rates of twin lambs to weaning. NewZealand Veterinary Journal 52: 145–149.
  • Kenyon P R, Morris S T, Stafford K J, West D M, 2011. The effect of ewe body condition and nutrition in late pregnancy on the performance of tripletbearing ewes and their progeny. Animal Production Science 51: 557–564.
  • Kleemann D O, Walker S K, 2005. Fertility in South Australian commercial Merino flocks: relationships between reproductive traits and environmental cues. Theriogenology 63: 2416–2433.
  • Litherland A J, Lambert M G, McLaren P N, 1999. Effects of herbage mass and ewe condition score at lambing on lamb survival and liveweight gain. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 59: 104–107.
  • Mathias-Davis H C, Shackell G H, Greer G J, Bryant A I, Everett-Hincks J M, 2013. Ewe body condition score and the effect on lamb growth rate. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 73: 131–135.
  • McInnes P, Smith M D, 1966. The effect of nutrition before mating on the reproductive performance of Merino ewes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 6: 455–459.
  • Molina A, Gallego L, Perez J I, Bernabeu R, 1991. Growth of Manchega lambs in relation to body condition of dam, season of birth, type of birth and sex. Avances en Alimentacion y Mejora Animal 31: 198–205.
  • Molina A, Gallego L, Torres A, Vergara H, 1994. Effect of mating season and level of body reserves on fertility and prolificacy of Manchega ewes. Small Ruminant Research 14: 209–217.
  • Newton J E, Betts J E, Wilde R, 1980. The effect of body condition and time of mating on the reproductive performance of Masham ewes. Animal Production 30: 253–260.
  • Özdemir Y, 2008. Karya Tipi Koyunlarda Vücut Kondüsyonunun Yıllık Değişimi. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 48s.
  • Rozeboom K J, Neale B D, Darroch C S, 2007. Relationships among ewe body condition scores, lamb vigour, colostral quality, milk composition and reproductive performance. Journal of Animal Science 85: Supplement 2, 138.
  • Russel A J F, Dowey J M, Gunn R G, 1969. Subjective assessment of body fat in live sheep. Journal of Agronomical Sciences, 72, 451–454.
  • Sarı M, Önk K, Aksoy A R, Tilki, M, 2013. Tuj Koyunlarında Doğum Kondisyon Puanının Kuzuların Büyüme Özellikleri ve Yaşama Gücüne Etkisi. F. Ü. Sağ. Bil. Vet. Derg. 2013; 27 (3): 149 – 154.
  • Sezenler T, Köycü E, Özder M, Karadağ O, Erdoğan İ, 2007. Karacabey Merinosu Koyunlarında Yaş Ve Vücut Kondüsyon Puanının Kimi Döl Verim Özelliklerine Etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2007 4(3).
  • Thompson J, M, Meyer H, 1994. Body condition scoring of sheep. http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1433.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 01.04.2016)
  • Thompson A N, Ferguson M B, Campbell A J D, Gordon D J, Kearney G A, Oldham C M, 2011. Improving the nutrition of Merino ewes during pregnancy and lactation increases weaning weight and survival of progeny but does not affect their mature size. Animal Production Science 51: 784–793.
  • Türkyılmaz D. 2014. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat İşletmesinde Yetiştirilen Saf Morkaraman Ve Romanov X Morkaraman Melez Kuzuların Döl Verimi, Büyüme-Gelişme Ve Kesim-Karkas Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek lisans Tezi, 71s.
  • Ucar 0, Kaya M, Yıldız S, Önder F, Cenesız M, Uzun M, 2005. Effect of Progestagen/PMSG Treatment for Oestrus Synchronization of Tuj Ewes to be Bred after the Natural Breeding Season Acta Vet. Brno 2005, 74: 385–393.
  • Vatankhah M, Talebi M A, Zamani F, 2012. Relationship between ewe body condition score (BCS) at mating and reproductive and productive traits in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. Small Ruminant Research 106 (2012) 105– 109.
  • Verbeek E, Waas J R, Oliver M H, McLeay L M, Ferguson D M, Matthews L R, 2012. Motivation to obtain a food reward of pregnant ewes in negative energy balance: behavioural, metabolic and endocrine considerations. Hormones and Behaviour 62: 162–172.
  • Vin˜oles C, Forsberg M, Banchero G, Rubianes E, 2002. Ovarian follicular dynamics and endrocrine profiles in Polwarth ewes with high and low body condition. Animal Science 74: 539–545.
  • Vin˜oles C, Forsberg M, Martın G B, Cajarvılle C, Repetto J, Meikle A, 2005. Short-term nutritional supplementation of ewes in low body condition affects follicle development due to an increase in glucose and metabolic hormones Society for Reproduction and Fertility DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00536 ISSN 1470–1626 (paper) 1741–7899 (online).
  • Yıldırır M, Sezenler T, Erdoğan İ, Yüksel M A, Soysal D, Ceyhan A, 2011. The present studies on animal genetic resources in Bandırma Sheep Research Station: a Review. J. Anim. Sci. Adv. 1(2): 73-78.
  • Yılmaz M T, Altın İ, Cemal O, Yılmaz O, Karaca T, Taşkın T, 2004. Kıvırcık koyunların koç katım dönemi kondüsyonları. 4. Ulusal Zootekni Bilim Kongresi, 1-3 Eylül, Isparta.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Zootekni / Animal Science
Yazarlar

Doğan Türkyılmaz

Selçuk Özyürek Bu kişi benim

Nurinisa Esenbuğa Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Yaprak Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Nisan 2016
Kabul Tarihi 22 Eylül 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Türkyılmaz, D., Özyürek, S., Esenbuğa, N., Yaprak, M. (2017). Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 7(1), 377-383.
AMA Türkyılmaz D, Özyürek S, Esenbuğa N, Yaprak M. Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. Mart 2017;7(1):377-383.
Chicago Türkyılmaz, Doğan, Selçuk Özyürek, Nurinisa Esenbuğa, ve Mustafa Yaprak. “Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 7, sy. 1 (Mart 2017): 377-83.
EndNote Türkyılmaz D, Özyürek S, Esenbuğa N, Yaprak M (01 Mart 2017) Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 7 1 377–383.
IEEE D. Türkyılmaz, S. Özyürek, N. Esenbuğa, ve M. Yaprak, “Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi”, Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der., c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 377–383, 2017.
ISNAD Türkyılmaz, Doğan vd. “Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 7/1 (Mart 2017), 377-383.
JAMA Türkyılmaz D, Özyürek S, Esenbuğa N, Yaprak M. Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2017;7:377–383.
MLA Türkyılmaz, Doğan vd. “Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, c. 7, sy. 1, 2017, ss. 377-83.
Vancouver Türkyılmaz D, Özyürek S, Esenbuğa N, Yaprak M. Koyunlarda Üreme Performansı Üzerine Koç Katım Dönemi Vücut Kondisyon Skorunun Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2017;7(1):377-83.