Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1119 - 1128, 01.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.631224

Öz

Intension of this study is the production of an alternative energy source from rapeseed oil with renewable heterogeneous basic catalysts. Production of biodiesel from biomass has been studied over decades and the positive effects of the heterogeneous basic catalysts on this process are still worth to examine. In the presented study firstly, natural bentonite (BT) was activated by calcination to obtain calcinated bentonite (C-BT). Then Li impregnation experiments were completed, and Li impregnated bentionite (Li-BT) catalyst was prepared. Obtained catalysts were characterized and analysed with FTIR, TGA and SEM/EDS measurements. Measurements showed that Li-BT is a promising catalyst and due to Li impregnation, exchange ability of the surface of the BT increased. Subsequently, they were utilized to the biodiesel production from rapeseed oil process individually and total fatty acid methyl ester yields of the obtained biodiesel were examined by GC-MS measurements. As a result, the best conversion yield was obtained from Li-BT used experiments as 98.80 % besides C-BT revealed with no yield. These studies can be enlarged by the consecutive catalytic experiments in detail. In conclusion, there is no need to use expensive catalysts and petroleum sourced hazardous chemicals to produce renewable energy catalysts.

Kaynakça

  • Akia M, Yazdani F, Motaee E, Han D, Arandiyan H, 2014. A review on conversion of biomass to biofuel by nanocatalysts. Biofuel Res J 1(1): 16-25.
  • Al-Ani A, Darton RJ, Sneddon S, Zholobenko V, 2018. Nanostructured Zeolites: The Introduction of Intracrystalline Mesoporosity in Basic Faujasite-type Catalysts. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1: 310−318.
  • Aslan S, Aka, N, Karaoğlu MH, 2019. NaOH impregnated sepiolite based heterogeneous catalyst and its utilization for the production of biodiesel from canola oil. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, And Environmental Effects 41:290–297.
  • Chen J, Li C, Ristovski Z, Milic A, Gu Y, Islam MS, Wang, S, Hao J, Zhang H, He C, Guo H, Fu H, Miljevic B, Morawsk L, Thai P, 2017. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China. Sci Total Environ 579:1000-1034.
  • Cobas M, Ferreira L, Sanroman MA, Pazos M, 2014. Assessment of sepiolite as a low-cost adsorbent for phenanthrene and pyrene removal: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Ecological Engineering 40: 287–94.
  • DeOliveira E, Quirino RL, Suarez PAZ, Prado AGS, 2006. Heats of combustion of biofuels obtained by pyrolysis and by transesterification and of biofuel/diesel blends. Thermochim. Acta 2006, 450: 87–90.
  • Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF, 2008. Comparison of the performance of different homogenous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 87: 3572–3578.
  • Dinçer F, Karaoğlu MH, Uğurlu M, Vaizoğullar A, 2016. Ozonation of Reactive Orange 122 Using La3+-Doped WO3/TiO2/Sep Photocatalyst. Ozone: Science and Engineering 38 (4):291-301.
  • Dinçer F, Karaoğlu MH, Uğurlu M, Vaizoğullar A, 2016. Ozonation of Reactive Orange 122 Using La3+-Doped WO3/TiO2/Sep Photocatalyst. Ozone: Science and Engineering 38 (4): 291-301.
  • Donmez A, Coban MB, Kara H, 2018. Cyan-Blue Luminescence and Antiferromagnetic Coupling of CN-Bridged Tetranuclear Complex Based on Manganese(III) Schiff Base and Hexacyanoferrate(III). Journal of Cluster Science 29 (6):951-958.
  • Duan P, Savage PE, 2011. Hydrothermal Liquefaction of a Microalga with Heterogeneous Catalysts Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(1): 52-61.
  • Eren E, Cubuk O, Ciftci H, Eren B, Caglar B, 2010. Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solutions by modified sepiolite: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics study. Desalination 252:88–96.
  • Erkarslan U, Donmez A, Kara H, Aygun M, Coban MB, 2018. Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescence Performance of a New Er3+-Cluster-Based 2D Coordination Polymer. Journal of Cluster Science 29 (6): 1177-1183.
  • Gungor E, Coban MB, Kara H, 2018. Photoluminescence and Magnetism Study of Blue Light Emitting the Oxygen-Bridged Open-Cubane Cobalt(II) Cluster. Journal of Cluster Science 29 (6): 967-974.
  • Guyon I, Elisseeff A. 2003. An introduction to variable and feature selection. J Mach Learn Res 3: 1157-1182.
  • Haupt RL, Haupt SE, 2004. Practical Genetic Algorithms. 2nd ed. Wiley. New York. USA.
  • Hovington P, Timoshevskii V, Bessette S, Burgess S, Statham P, Demers H, Gauvin R, Zaghib K, 2017. On the Detection Limits of Li K X-rays Using Windowless Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 23: 2024-2025
  • Izadpanahi S, Ozcınar C, Anbarjafari G, Demirel H, 2012. Resolution enhancement of video sequences by using discrete wavelet transform and illumination compensation. Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci 20: 1268-1276.
  • Kara DA, Donmez A, Kara H, Burak Coban M, 2018. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of a new luminescent NiII complex: Bis{2,4-dichloro-6-[(2-hydroxypropyl)iminomethyl]phenolato-κ3O,N,O′}nickel(II). Acta Crystallographica Section C: Structural Chemistry 74 (8): 901-906.
  • Karahan A, Kurtaran R, Yahsi Y, Gungor E, Kara H, 2016. A dinuclear oxygen-bridged Schiff base iron(III) complex derived from N,N′-bis(4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine. Journal of Structural Chemistry 57 (4): 731-736.
  • Karaoǧlu MH, Doǧan M, Alkan M, 2010. Removal of reactive blue 221 by kaolinite from aqueous solutions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 49 (4): 1534-1540.
  • Karaoǧlu MH, Doǧan M, Alkan M, Uǧurlu M, 2012. Photooxidative degradation of cationic dyes using UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/TiO2 process. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21 (7): 1758-1763.
  • Karaoǧlu MH, Uǧurlu M, 2010. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of methylene blue biosorption by vineyard pruning waste. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 19 (12): 3199-3208.
  • Karaoglu MH, Ugurlu M, 2011. Adsorption and recovery of methylene blue from aqueous solution by NaOH-treated of prina. Asian Journal of Chemistry 23 (6): 2577-2583.
  • Kennedy J, Eberhart R, 2001. Swarm Intelligence. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. USA.
  • Kumar R, Kumar GR, Chandrashekar N, 2011. Microwave assisted alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102: 6617-6620.
  • Li M, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Zhu X, 2014. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a heterogeneous catalyst from pyrolyzed rice husk. Bioresour Technol 154:345-348.
  • Li RTH, Chung SH, 2008. Digital boundary controller for single-phase grid-connected CSI. In: IEEE 2008 Power Electronics Specialists Conference; 15–19 June 2008; Rhodes, Greece. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 4562-4568.
  • Marchetti JM, Errazu AF, 2008. Technoeconomic study of supercritical biodiesel production plant. Energy Convers. Manage 49: 2160–2164.
  • Moser BR, 2009. Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 45: 229-266.
  • Omar WNNW, Amin NAS, 2011. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over alkaline modified zirconia catalyst. Fuel Proceeding Technology 92:2397–405.
  • Poore JH, Lin L, Eschbach R, Bauer T, 2012. Automated statistical testing for embedded systems. In: Zander J, Schieferdecker I, Mosterman PJ, editors. Model-Based Testing for Embedded Systems. pp. 111-146. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Rana R, Nanda S, Meda V, Dalai AK, Kozinski JA, 2018. A review of lignin chemistry and its biorefining conversion technologies. J. Biochem. Eng. Bioprocess. Technol. 1(2).
  • Sani YM, Daud WMAW, Abdul Aziz AR, 2014. Activity of solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review. Appl Catal A Gen 470: 140-161.
  • Sen I, Kara H, Azizoglu A, 2016. Substituent effects on hydrogen bonding of aromatic amide-carboxylate. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 167 (5): 50-58.
  • Soetaredjo FE, Ayucitra A, Ismadji S, Maukar AL, 2011. KOH/bentonite catalysts for transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel. Applied Clay Science 53:341–46.
  • Sun H, Ding Y, Duan J, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Lou H, Zheng X., 2010. Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst. Bioresource Technology 101: 953–958.
  • Suryaputra W, Winata I, Indraswati N, Ismadji S, 2013. Waste capiz (Amusium cristatum) shell as a new heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Renew Energy 50: 795-799.
  • Tkemaladze GS, Makhashvili KA, 2016. Climate changes and photosynthesis. Ann Agrar Sci 14(2):119-126.
  • Tursi A, 2019. A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion. Biofuel Research Journal 22: 962-979.
  • Uǧurlu M, Karaoǧlu MH, Kula I. 2006. Experimental investigation of chemical oxygen demand, lignin and phenol removal from paper mill effluents using three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 15 (4): 647-654.
  • Wang Z-C, Duan P-G, Liu X-J, Wang F, Xu Y-P, 2019. Hydrotreating the Low-Boiling-Point Fraction of Biocrude in Hydrogen Donor Solvents for Production of Trace-Sulfur Liquid Fuel. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58 (24): 10210-10223.

Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 1119 - 1128, 01.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.631224

Öz

Intension of this study is the production of an alternative energy source from rapeseed oil with renewable heterogeneous basic catalysts. Production of biodiesel from biomass has been studied over decades and the positive effects of the heterogeneous basic catalysts on this process are still worth to examine. In the presented study firstly, natural bentonite (BT) was activated by calcination to obtain calcinated bentonite (C-BT). Then Li impregnation experiments were completed, and Li impregnated bentionite (Li-BT) catalyst was prepared. Obtained catalysts were characterized and analysed with FTIR, TGA and SEM/EDS measurements. Measurements showed that Li-BT is a promising catalyst and due to Li impregnation, exchange ability of the surface of the BT increased. Subsequently, they were utilized to the biodiesel production from rapeseed oil process individually and total fatty acid methyl ester yields of the obtained biodiesel were examined by GC-MS measurements. As a result, the best conversion yield was obtained from Li-BT used experiments as 98.80 % besides C-BT revealed with no yield. These studies can be enlarged by the consecutive catalytic experiments in detail. In conclusion, there is no need to use expensive catalysts and petroleum sourced hazardous chemicals to produce renewable energy catalysts.

Kaynakça

  • Akia M, Yazdani F, Motaee E, Han D, Arandiyan H, 2014. A review on conversion of biomass to biofuel by nanocatalysts. Biofuel Res J 1(1): 16-25.
  • Al-Ani A, Darton RJ, Sneddon S, Zholobenko V, 2018. Nanostructured Zeolites: The Introduction of Intracrystalline Mesoporosity in Basic Faujasite-type Catalysts. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 1: 310−318.
  • Aslan S, Aka, N, Karaoğlu MH, 2019. NaOH impregnated sepiolite based heterogeneous catalyst and its utilization for the production of biodiesel from canola oil. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, And Environmental Effects 41:290–297.
  • Chen J, Li C, Ristovski Z, Milic A, Gu Y, Islam MS, Wang, S, Hao J, Zhang H, He C, Guo H, Fu H, Miljevic B, Morawsk L, Thai P, 2017. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China. Sci Total Environ 579:1000-1034.
  • Cobas M, Ferreira L, Sanroman MA, Pazos M, 2014. Assessment of sepiolite as a low-cost adsorbent for phenanthrene and pyrene removal: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Ecological Engineering 40: 287–94.
  • DeOliveira E, Quirino RL, Suarez PAZ, Prado AGS, 2006. Heats of combustion of biofuels obtained by pyrolysis and by transesterification and of biofuel/diesel blends. Thermochim. Acta 2006, 450: 87–90.
  • Dias JM, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Almeida MF, 2008. Comparison of the performance of different homogenous alkali catalysts during transesterification of waste and virgin oils and evaluation of biodiesel quality. Fuel 87: 3572–3578.
  • Dinçer F, Karaoğlu MH, Uğurlu M, Vaizoğullar A, 2016. Ozonation of Reactive Orange 122 Using La3+-Doped WO3/TiO2/Sep Photocatalyst. Ozone: Science and Engineering 38 (4):291-301.
  • Dinçer F, Karaoğlu MH, Uğurlu M, Vaizoğullar A, 2016. Ozonation of Reactive Orange 122 Using La3+-Doped WO3/TiO2/Sep Photocatalyst. Ozone: Science and Engineering 38 (4): 291-301.
  • Donmez A, Coban MB, Kara H, 2018. Cyan-Blue Luminescence and Antiferromagnetic Coupling of CN-Bridged Tetranuclear Complex Based on Manganese(III) Schiff Base and Hexacyanoferrate(III). Journal of Cluster Science 29 (6):951-958.
  • Duan P, Savage PE, 2011. Hydrothermal Liquefaction of a Microalga with Heterogeneous Catalysts Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50(1): 52-61.
  • Eren E, Cubuk O, Ciftci H, Eren B, Caglar B, 2010. Adsorption of basic dye from aqueous solutions by modified sepiolite: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics study. Desalination 252:88–96.
  • Erkarslan U, Donmez A, Kara H, Aygun M, Coban MB, 2018. Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescence Performance of a New Er3+-Cluster-Based 2D Coordination Polymer. Journal of Cluster Science 29 (6): 1177-1183.
  • Gungor E, Coban MB, Kara H, 2018. Photoluminescence and Magnetism Study of Blue Light Emitting the Oxygen-Bridged Open-Cubane Cobalt(II) Cluster. Journal of Cluster Science 29 (6): 967-974.
  • Guyon I, Elisseeff A. 2003. An introduction to variable and feature selection. J Mach Learn Res 3: 1157-1182.
  • Haupt RL, Haupt SE, 2004. Practical Genetic Algorithms. 2nd ed. Wiley. New York. USA.
  • Hovington P, Timoshevskii V, Bessette S, Burgess S, Statham P, Demers H, Gauvin R, Zaghib K, 2017. On the Detection Limits of Li K X-rays Using Windowless Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS). Proceedings of Microscopy & Microanalysis 23: 2024-2025
  • Izadpanahi S, Ozcınar C, Anbarjafari G, Demirel H, 2012. Resolution enhancement of video sequences by using discrete wavelet transform and illumination compensation. Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci 20: 1268-1276.
  • Kara DA, Donmez A, Kara H, Burak Coban M, 2018. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of a new luminescent NiII complex: Bis{2,4-dichloro-6-[(2-hydroxypropyl)iminomethyl]phenolato-κ3O,N,O′}nickel(II). Acta Crystallographica Section C: Structural Chemistry 74 (8): 901-906.
  • Karahan A, Kurtaran R, Yahsi Y, Gungor E, Kara H, 2016. A dinuclear oxygen-bridged Schiff base iron(III) complex derived from N,N′-bis(4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine. Journal of Structural Chemistry 57 (4): 731-736.
  • Karaoǧlu MH, Doǧan M, Alkan M, 2010. Removal of reactive blue 221 by kaolinite from aqueous solutions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 49 (4): 1534-1540.
  • Karaoǧlu MH, Doǧan M, Alkan M, Uǧurlu M, 2012. Photooxidative degradation of cationic dyes using UV/H2O2 and UV/H2O2/TiO2 process. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 21 (7): 1758-1763.
  • Karaoǧlu MH, Uǧurlu M, 2010. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of methylene blue biosorption by vineyard pruning waste. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 19 (12): 3199-3208.
  • Karaoglu MH, Ugurlu M, 2011. Adsorption and recovery of methylene blue from aqueous solution by NaOH-treated of prina. Asian Journal of Chemistry 23 (6): 2577-2583.
  • Kennedy J, Eberhart R, 2001. Swarm Intelligence. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. USA.
  • Kumar R, Kumar GR, Chandrashekar N, 2011. Microwave assisted alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Pongamia pinnata seed oil for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102: 6617-6620.
  • Li M, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Zhu X, 2014. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a heterogeneous catalyst from pyrolyzed rice husk. Bioresour Technol 154:345-348.
  • Li RTH, Chung SH, 2008. Digital boundary controller for single-phase grid-connected CSI. In: IEEE 2008 Power Electronics Specialists Conference; 15–19 June 2008; Rhodes, Greece. New York, NY, USA: IEEE. pp. 4562-4568.
  • Marchetti JM, Errazu AF, 2008. Technoeconomic study of supercritical biodiesel production plant. Energy Convers. Manage 49: 2160–2164.
  • Moser BR, 2009. Biodiesel production, properties, and feedstocks. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 45: 229-266.
  • Omar WNNW, Amin NAS, 2011. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil over alkaline modified zirconia catalyst. Fuel Proceeding Technology 92:2397–405.
  • Poore JH, Lin L, Eschbach R, Bauer T, 2012. Automated statistical testing for embedded systems. In: Zander J, Schieferdecker I, Mosterman PJ, editors. Model-Based Testing for Embedded Systems. pp. 111-146. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL, USA.
  • Rana R, Nanda S, Meda V, Dalai AK, Kozinski JA, 2018. A review of lignin chemistry and its biorefining conversion technologies. J. Biochem. Eng. Bioprocess. Technol. 1(2).
  • Sani YM, Daud WMAW, Abdul Aziz AR, 2014. Activity of solid acid catalysts for biodiesel production: a critical review. Appl Catal A Gen 470: 140-161.
  • Sen I, Kara H, Azizoglu A, 2016. Substituent effects on hydrogen bonding of aromatic amide-carboxylate. Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 167 (5): 50-58.
  • Soetaredjo FE, Ayucitra A, Ismadji S, Maukar AL, 2011. KOH/bentonite catalysts for transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel. Applied Clay Science 53:341–46.
  • Sun H, Ding Y, Duan J, Zhang Q, Wang Z, Lou H, Zheng X., 2010. Transesterification of sunflower oil to biodiesel on ZrO2 supported La2O3 catalyst. Bioresource Technology 101: 953–958.
  • Suryaputra W, Winata I, Indraswati N, Ismadji S, 2013. Waste capiz (Amusium cristatum) shell as a new heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production. Renew Energy 50: 795-799.
  • Tkemaladze GS, Makhashvili KA, 2016. Climate changes and photosynthesis. Ann Agrar Sci 14(2):119-126.
  • Tursi A, 2019. A review on biomass: importance, chemistry, classification, and conversion. Biofuel Research Journal 22: 962-979.
  • Uǧurlu M, Karaoǧlu MH, Kula I. 2006. Experimental investigation of chemical oxygen demand, lignin and phenol removal from paper mill effluents using three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 15 (4): 647-654.
  • Wang Z-C, Duan P-G, Liu X-J, Wang F, Xu Y-P, 2019. Hydrotreating the Low-Boiling-Point Fraction of Biocrude in Hydrogen Donor Solvents for Production of Trace-Sulfur Liquid Fuel. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 58 (24): 10210-10223.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kimya Mühendisliği
Bölüm Kimya / Chemistry
Yazarlar

Sema Aslan 0000-0001-9796-7311

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ekim 2019
Kabul Tarihi 5 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Aslan, S. (2020). Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 10(2), 1119-1128. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.631224
AMA Aslan S. Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. Haziran 2020;10(2):1119-1128. doi:10.21597/jist.631224
Chicago Aslan, Sema. “Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10, sy. 2 (Haziran 2020): 1119-28. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.631224.
EndNote Aslan S (01 Haziran 2020) Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10 2 1119–1128.
IEEE S. Aslan, “Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts”, Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der., c. 10, sy. 2, ss. 1119–1128, 2020, doi: 10.21597/jist.631224.
ISNAD Aslan, Sema. “Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology 10/2 (Haziran 2020), 1119-1128. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.631224.
JAMA Aslan S. Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2020;10:1119–1128.
MLA Aslan, Sema. “Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts”. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, c. 10, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 1119-28, doi:10.21597/jist.631224.
Vancouver Aslan S. Examination of the Biodiesel Production Performances of Natural and Modified Bentonite Heterogeneous Basic Catalysts. Iğdır Üniv. Fen Bil Enst. Der. 2020;10(2):1119-28.