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THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS IN TERNATE

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 75 - 96, 26.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.262

Öz

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of tourism sector in Ternate using three units of analysis, namely the sustainability of competitiveness, the determinant of competition strength and the formulation of sustainable competitive advantage strategy. Secondary data were collected through documentation, such as APBD data, infrastructure conditions, tourism objects, labor, industry of accommodation provider, and tourist numbers. Primary data were collected through interview to 159 respondents. The analysis and strategy formulation used combination of VRIOL, SFM and SWOT. This study found that the tourism sector in Ternate was in a competitive advantage position, but not sustained because its tourism resources did not have uniqueness and could be imitated by competitors. Factors determining tourism competition were the role of government, new areas that were beginning to develop the tourism sector, new tourist spot and tour operators. The strategies that could maintain the sustainability of tourism competitiveness in Ternate are differentiation, inovation, partnership, promotion and marketing system, service quality, and empowering.

Kaynakça

  • AJI, PRASETIO (2015). Manajemen Strategi, Keunggulan Bersaing Berkelanjutan. Yogyakarta: Ekuilibria.
  • ANDRIOTIS, KONSTANTINOS. (2004). Revising Porter’s Five Forces Model for Application in the Travel and Tourism Industry. Torism Today 4: 7-20.
  • ARYUNDA, HANNY. (2011). Dampak Ekonomi Pengembangan Kawasan Ekowisata Kepulauan Seribu. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota 22 (1): 1– 16.
  • BALAN, D., V. BALAURE, AND C. VEGHES. (2009). Travel and tourism competitiveness of the world’s top tourism destinations: An exploratory Assessment. Annales Universitatis Apulensis series Oeconomica 11 (2): 979–987.
  • DEPARTEMEN KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI DAN MONETER. (2015). Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan Regional: Isu Khusus 2 Optimalisasi Potensi Pariwisata dalam Mendukung Percepatan Ekonomi. Nusantara Report, Indonesia Bank 10 (4): 82-94.
  • BARNEY, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17 (1): 99-120.
  • BARNEY, J B., Jr. D. J. KETCHEN, AND M. WRIGHT. (2011). The Future of Resource-Based Theory: Revitalization or Decline?. Journal of Management 37 (5): 1299-1315.
  • BLACK, J., N. HASHIMZADE, G. MYLES. (2009). A Dictionary of Economics. Oxford University Press [Oxford Reference Online]. National Library of Lithuania. Available from Internet: <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY. html?subview=Main&entry=t19.e1657>.
  • BASSIL, CHARBEL., M. HAMADEH, AND N. SAMARA. (2015). The tourism led growth hypothesis: the Lebanese case. Tourism Review 70 (1): 43-55.
  • BETHAPUDI, ANAND. (2013). The Role Of ICT In Tourism Industry. Journal Of Applied Economics And Business 1 (4): 67-79.
  • BIGOVIC, MILOS. (2012). Competitiveness of a Post-Conflict Tourist Destination-Case of sjf Montenegro. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, Fall: 50-70.
  • BLANKED, J AND T. CHIESA (Eds). (2008). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index Report 2008: Meansuring Key Elements Driving The Sector’s Development. Word Economic Forum. Available at: Http://Www.Weforum.Org.
  • BRIDA, J. G., S. P. JUAN., F.P. LIONELLO, AND J.S.D. MARÍA. (2010). The Economic Contribution of Tourism Sector. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems 3 (1) :13-22.
  • BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK KOTA TERNATE. (2015). Maluku Utara Dalam Angka. SUSENAS, BPS Kota Ternate.
  • BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK MALUKU UTARA. (2016). Statistik Maluku Utara. BPS Provinsi Maluku Utara.
  • BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK INDONESIA. (2016). Statistik Indonesia. BPS Indonesia.
  • CHIN, C. H., L. M CHIUN., P. SONGAN, AND V. NAIR. (2014). Rural Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A Study On Annah Rais Longhouse Homestay, Sarawak. Procedia. social and behavioral sciences 144 (2014) :35–44. available at: www.sciencedirect.com.
  • CHOI, H. C., AND E. SIRAKAYA. (2006). Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism. Tourism Management 27 (6): 1274-1289.
  • ÇOBAN, AYSE., D. B. KURT, AND O. COBAN. (2015). An Analysis Of Tourism Sector With The Grubel-Lloyd Index: The Case Of Turkey And Selected Countries. International Journal of Arts and Sciences 08 (07): 223–231.
  • CROTTI, R AND T. MISRAHI. (2015). World Economic Forum The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: T&T as a Resilient Contribution To National Development. World Economic Forum. Available at :Http://Www.Weforum.Org.
  • CROUCH. G.I, AND B.J.R. RITCHIE. (1994). Destination competitive–exploring foundations for a long term research program. In Proceedings of Administrative Sciences Association of canada, Annual Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia 79-88. -------------------------------------------- (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and social prosperity. Jurnal Of Business research, Elsevier Science Inc. 44 (3): 137-152.
  • CLULOW, VAL., C. BARRY AND J. GERSTMAN. (2007). The resource-based view and value: the customer-based view of the firm. Journal of European Industrial Training 31 (1) :19-35.
  • DIERICKX, I, AND K. COOL. (1989). Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science 35 (12) :1504-11.
  • DAMANIK, J. (2013). Pariwisata Indonesia: Antara Peluang dan Tantangan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
  • DAVID, FRED R., AND F. R. DAVID. (2015). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts & Cases, 15th” Edition. London: Pearson Education.
  • DWYER, L., P. FORSYTH., AND R. RAO. (2000). The price of competitiveness of travel and tourism: A comparison 0f 19 destination. Tourism Management 21 (1): 1-22.
  • EDMONDS, T. (2000). Regional Competitiveness & the Role of the Knowledge Economy, House of Commons Library. Research paper. London: Research Publications Office.
  • EMZIR. (2011). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: Analisis Data. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.
  • FAHY, JOHN AND A. SMITHEE. (1999). Strategic Marketing and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review 1999 (10) :1-20.
  • FALAK, SHAISTA., L. M. CHIUN, AND A. Y. WEE. (2014). A repositioning strategy for rural tourism in Malaysia- community’s perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2014 (144) :412–415.
  • FERNANDO, IMALI N. (2014). Is Competitiveness a Challenge for an Economy? A Comparative Study for Sri Lankan Tourism Sector. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Management and Economics. Faculty of Management and Finance, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, 26-27 February.
  • FUN, F. SOOK., L. M. CHIUN., P. SONGAN, AND V. NAIR. (2014). The impact of local communities’ involvement and relationship quality on sustainable rural tourism in rural area, Sarawak. The moderating impact of self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2014 (144) :60–65.
  • GUZMÁN, T. L., S. S CAÑIZARES, AND V. PAVÓN. (2011). Community - Based Tourism In Developing Countries: A Case Study. Tourismos, An International Multidisciplinary Journal Of Tourism 6 (1) 69-84.
  • GRACAN, D., R. A RADNIC., S. BOGDAN. (2008). Restorable Energy Sources As A Factor Of The Competitive Improvement Ability Of A Tourist Destination. Tourism and Hospitality Management 14 (2) : 217-228.
  • HAMARNEH, IVETA. (2013). Jordan as a Tourist Destination. Jurnal Of Tourim and Services 14 (1) : 21-36.
  • HATZICHRONOGLOU, T. (1996). Globalisation and Competitiveness: Relevant Indicators, OECD Science, Technology and Industry. Working Papers 5: 62.
  • HUTTASIN, NARA., H. MOMMAAS, AND L. KNIPPENBERG. (2015). Towards Tourism Development Of The Isan Region, Northeastern Thailand. IJAPS 11 (1) :103–128.
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THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS IN TERNATE

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 75 - 96, 26.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.262

Öz

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of tourism sector in Ternate using three units of analysis, namely the sustainability of competitiveness, the determinant of competition strength and the formulation of sustainable competitive advantage strategy. Secondary data were collected through documentation, such as APBD data, infrastructure conditions, tourism objects, labor, industry of accommodation provider, and tourist numbers. Primary data were collected through interview to 159 respondents. The analysis and strategy formulation used combination of VRIOL, SFM and SWOT. This study found that the tourism sector in Ternate was in a competitive advantage position, but not sustained because its tourism resources did not have uniqueness and could be imitated by competitors. Factors determining tourism competition were the role of government, new areas that were beginning to develop the tourism sector, new tourist spot and tour operators. The strategies that could maintain the sustainability of tourism competitiveness in Ternate are differentiation, inovation, partnership, promotion and marketing system, service quality, and empowering.

Kaynakça

  • AJI, PRASETIO (2015). Manajemen Strategi, Keunggulan Bersaing Berkelanjutan. Yogyakarta: Ekuilibria.
  • ANDRIOTIS, KONSTANTINOS. (2004). Revising Porter’s Five Forces Model for Application in the Travel and Tourism Industry. Torism Today 4: 7-20.
  • ARYUNDA, HANNY. (2011). Dampak Ekonomi Pengembangan Kawasan Ekowisata Kepulauan Seribu. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota 22 (1): 1– 16.
  • BALAN, D., V. BALAURE, AND C. VEGHES. (2009). Travel and tourism competitiveness of the world’s top tourism destinations: An exploratory Assessment. Annales Universitatis Apulensis series Oeconomica 11 (2): 979–987.
  • DEPARTEMEN KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI DAN MONETER. (2015). Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan Regional: Isu Khusus 2 Optimalisasi Potensi Pariwisata dalam Mendukung Percepatan Ekonomi. Nusantara Report, Indonesia Bank 10 (4): 82-94.
  • BARNEY, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 17 (1): 99-120.
  • BARNEY, J B., Jr. D. J. KETCHEN, AND M. WRIGHT. (2011). The Future of Resource-Based Theory: Revitalization or Decline?. Journal of Management 37 (5): 1299-1315.
  • BLACK, J., N. HASHIMZADE, G. MYLES. (2009). A Dictionary of Economics. Oxford University Press [Oxford Reference Online]. National Library of Lithuania. Available from Internet: <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY. html?subview=Main&entry=t19.e1657>.
  • BASSIL, CHARBEL., M. HAMADEH, AND N. SAMARA. (2015). The tourism led growth hypothesis: the Lebanese case. Tourism Review 70 (1): 43-55.
  • BETHAPUDI, ANAND. (2013). The Role Of ICT In Tourism Industry. Journal Of Applied Economics And Business 1 (4): 67-79.
  • BIGOVIC, MILOS. (2012). Competitiveness of a Post-Conflict Tourist Destination-Case of sjf Montenegro. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, Fall: 50-70.
  • BLANKED, J AND T. CHIESA (Eds). (2008). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index Report 2008: Meansuring Key Elements Driving The Sector’s Development. Word Economic Forum. Available at: Http://Www.Weforum.Org.
  • BRIDA, J. G., S. P. JUAN., F.P. LIONELLO, AND J.S.D. MARÍA. (2010). The Economic Contribution of Tourism Sector. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Systems 3 (1) :13-22.
  • BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK KOTA TERNATE. (2015). Maluku Utara Dalam Angka. SUSENAS, BPS Kota Ternate.
  • BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK MALUKU UTARA. (2016). Statistik Maluku Utara. BPS Provinsi Maluku Utara.
  • BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK INDONESIA. (2016). Statistik Indonesia. BPS Indonesia.
  • CHIN, C. H., L. M CHIUN., P. SONGAN, AND V. NAIR. (2014). Rural Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A Study On Annah Rais Longhouse Homestay, Sarawak. Procedia. social and behavioral sciences 144 (2014) :35–44. available at: www.sciencedirect.com.
  • CHOI, H. C., AND E. SIRAKAYA. (2006). Sustainability Indicators for Managing Community Tourism. Tourism Management 27 (6): 1274-1289.
  • ÇOBAN, AYSE., D. B. KURT, AND O. COBAN. (2015). An Analysis Of Tourism Sector With The Grubel-Lloyd Index: The Case Of Turkey And Selected Countries. International Journal of Arts and Sciences 08 (07): 223–231.
  • CROTTI, R AND T. MISRAHI. (2015). World Economic Forum The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: T&T as a Resilient Contribution To National Development. World Economic Forum. Available at :Http://Www.Weforum.Org.
  • CROUCH. G.I, AND B.J.R. RITCHIE. (1994). Destination competitive–exploring foundations for a long term research program. In Proceedings of Administrative Sciences Association of canada, Annual Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia 79-88. -------------------------------------------- (1999). Tourism, competitiveness, and social prosperity. Jurnal Of Business research, Elsevier Science Inc. 44 (3): 137-152.
  • CLULOW, VAL., C. BARRY AND J. GERSTMAN. (2007). The resource-based view and value: the customer-based view of the firm. Journal of European Industrial Training 31 (1) :19-35.
  • DIERICKX, I, AND K. COOL. (1989). Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Management Science 35 (12) :1504-11.
  • DAMANIK, J. (2013). Pariwisata Indonesia: Antara Peluang dan Tantangan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
  • DAVID, FRED R., AND F. R. DAVID. (2015). Strategic Management: A Competitive Advantage Approach, Concepts & Cases, 15th” Edition. London: Pearson Education.
  • DWYER, L., P. FORSYTH., AND R. RAO. (2000). The price of competitiveness of travel and tourism: A comparison 0f 19 destination. Tourism Management 21 (1): 1-22.
  • EDMONDS, T. (2000). Regional Competitiveness & the Role of the Knowledge Economy, House of Commons Library. Research paper. London: Research Publications Office.
  • EMZIR. (2011). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: Analisis Data. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.
  • FAHY, JOHN AND A. SMITHEE. (1999). Strategic Marketing and the Resource Based View of the Firm. Academy of Marketing Science Review 1999 (10) :1-20.
  • FALAK, SHAISTA., L. M. CHIUN, AND A. Y. WEE. (2014). A repositioning strategy for rural tourism in Malaysia- community’s perspective. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2014 (144) :412–415.
  • FERNANDO, IMALI N. (2014). Is Competitiveness a Challenge for an Economy? A Comparative Study for Sri Lankan Tourism Sector. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Management and Economics. Faculty of Management and Finance, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka, 26-27 February.
  • FUN, F. SOOK., L. M. CHIUN., P. SONGAN, AND V. NAIR. (2014). The impact of local communities’ involvement and relationship quality on sustainable rural tourism in rural area, Sarawak. The moderating impact of self-efficacy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2014 (144) :60–65.
  • GUZMÁN, T. L., S. S CAÑIZARES, AND V. PAVÓN. (2011). Community - Based Tourism In Developing Countries: A Case Study. Tourismos, An International Multidisciplinary Journal Of Tourism 6 (1) 69-84.
  • GRACAN, D., R. A RADNIC., S. BOGDAN. (2008). Restorable Energy Sources As A Factor Of The Competitive Improvement Ability Of A Tourist Destination. Tourism and Hospitality Management 14 (2) : 217-228.
  • HAMARNEH, IVETA. (2013). Jordan as a Tourist Destination. Jurnal Of Tourim and Services 14 (1) : 21-36.
  • HATZICHRONOGLOU, T. (1996). Globalisation and Competitiveness: Relevant Indicators, OECD Science, Technology and Industry. Working Papers 5: 62.
  • HUTTASIN, NARA., H. MOMMAAS, AND L. KNIPPENBERG. (2015). Towards Tourism Development Of The Isan Region, Northeastern Thailand. IJAPS 11 (1) :103–128.
  • JOLLIFFE, LEE, AND T. BAUM. (2004). Event Tourism Partnership Evolution – Evidence From The Highlands Of Scotland. The Journal Of The College Of Tourism And Hotel Management 2004 (4) :7-20.
  • JOVANOVIĆ, VERKA, AND N. ANGELINA. (2008). The Application Of Gis and Its Components In Tourism Yugoslav. Journal of Operations Research 18 (2) :261-272.
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  • ----------------------------------------- 2015. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report. Available at: Http://Www.Weforum.Org.
  • ---------------------------------------- 2017. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report. Available at: Http://Www.Weforum.Org.
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  • ZADEL, ZRINKA. (2012). The Importance Of Developing Cultural Tourism In Creating Competitive Advantages Of Croatian Tourism. In Conference Proceedings of Tourism & Hospitality Management :205-214.
Toplam 94 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Muharto Laode

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Laode, M. (2018). THE SUSTAINABILITY OF TOURISM COMPETITIVENESS IN TERNATE. Journal of Life Economics, 5(4), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.262