Smallscale Karstic Surface Features Karren

Yıl 2007, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 1 - 8, 01.11.2007

Muhsin Eren

Öz

Karren or lapies is a general term, describing small-scale < 10 m karstic surface features. They are common on limestone surfaces. The main types of karrens are solution flutes rillenkarren , trittkarren heelprints , solution runnels rinnenkarren, rundkarren, meanderkarren , spitzkarren solution spikes, pinnacle karren , kluftkarren solution slots, grikes , solution pan kamenitza, tinajita and solution pit or hollow . They form by dissolution from surface water or water-sheets as solution flutes, trittkarren, and solution pans, from channelized water as solution runnels, from enlargement of structural weakness as kluftkarren, from draining water along roots as solution pit, and from massive rocks between discontinuities as spitzkarren. The dissolution process develops on bare rocks or beneath a thin surface cover soil, snow

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dissolution, diagenesis, karren, karst, limestone

Küçük Ölçekli Karstik Yüzey Yapıları Karen

Öz

Karen veya lapye küçük ölçekli < 10 m karstik yüzey yapılarını tanımlayan genel bir terimdir. Kireçtaşı yüzeylerinde yaygındır. Başlıca karen tipleri; kaval yapısı, basamak yapısı, çözünme olukları oluk yapısı, yuvarlanmış oluk yapısı, menderesli oluk yapısı , sivri doruklu karen, yarık kareni, çözünme havuzları ve çözünme çukurlarıdır. Kaval yapısı, basamak yapısı ve çözünme havuzları yüzey sularından, çözünme olukları kanalize sulardan, yarık kareni süreksizliklerin çözünmeyle genişletilmesinden, sivri doruklu karen süreksizliklerle sınırlı masif kayaçların çözünmesiyle ve çözünme çukurları kök boyunca sızan sulardan çözünmeyle yoluyla oluşur. Çözünme işlemi örtüsüz kayaçlarda veya ince yüzey örtüsü toprak, kar altında gelişir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çözünme, diyajenez, karen, karst, kireçtaşı

Kaynakça

• Bögli, A. 1960, Kalklösung und Karrenbildung. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary issue 2, Internationale Beiträge zur Karstmorphologie 4-21.
• Bögli, J. 1980: Karst hydrology and physical speleology. , Berlin, 285.
• Dreybrodt, W., 1988: Process in karst systems: physics, chemistry, and geology. SpringerVerlag, Berlin, 288 p.
• Esteban, M. Klappa, C.F. 1983: Subaerial exposure environment. In: Scholle, P.A., Bebour, D.G. Moore, C.H. (Eds.): Carbonate Depositional Environments.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 33, 1-54.
• Field, M.S., 2002, A lexicon of cave and karst terminology with special reference to environmental karst hydrology. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental AssessmentWashington Office, Washington, 214 p. (http://www.karstwaters.org/files/glossary .pdf)
• Fiol, L.I., Fornos, J.J., and Gines, A., 1996, Effects of biokarstic process on the development of solutional rillenkarren in limestone rocks. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 21, 447-452.
• Ford, D.C. and Williams, P.W., 1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology. Chapman Hall, London, 601 p.
• Gams, I., 1993, Origin of the term karst, and the transformation of the classical karst (kras). Environmental Geology 21/3, 110-114.
• Hutchinson, G.E., 1957, A Treatise on Limnology.Wiley, London, James, N.P. Choquette, P.W. 1984: Diagenesis 9. Limestones- The meteoric diagenetic environment. Geoscience Canada, 11, 161-194.
• Miller, D.J. and Mitchell, S.F., 2003. Palaeokarstic surfaces in the upper Cretaceous limestones of central Jamaica. Cretaceous Research 24, 119-128.
• Molina, J.M., Ruiz-Ortiz, P.A. Vera, J.A. 1999: A review of polyphase karstification in extensional tectonic regimes: Jurassic and Cretaceous examples, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. Sedimentary Geology 129, 71-84.
• Öztaş, T. 1992: Karst and karstification features of the surrounding area of Boğsak karst spring (Mersin-Taşucu). Jeoloji Mühendisliği Dergisi 41, 118-130.
• Sweeting, M.M., 1973, Karst Landforms. Columbia University Pres, New York, 362 p.
• Şahinci, A., 1991, Karst. Reform Matbaası, İzmir, 173 s.
• Trudgill, S. 1985, Limestone geomorphology. Longman, London, 196 p.
• Vanstone, S.D., 1998, Late Dinantian palaeokarst of England and Wales: implications for exposure surface development. Sedimentology 45, 19-37.
• Viles, H.A. 1984: Biokarst: review and prospect. Progress in Physical Geography 8, 523- 542.
• Vincent, P., 1995, Limestone pavements in the British Isles: A review. Geographical Journal 161, 265-274.
• White, W.B., 1988, Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 464 p.
• Wray, R.A.L., 1997, A global review of solutional weathering forms on quartz sandstones. Earth Science Reviews 42, 137-160.
• Wright, V.P., 1982, The recognition and interpretation of paleokarsts: two examples from the Lower Carboniferous of South Wales. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 52, 83-94.
• www.gosaunet.at/tipps/wasser-berge-schnee/derdachstein-eine-vielfaeltigeurlandschaft.htm.
• www.geo.unizh.ch/.../haltepunkt09/1b..htm.www. limestonepavements.org.uk/geology.shtml.
• www.shadow.eas.gatech.edu edu/kcobb/speleo/Fieldtrip2005.htlm