Avrupa Levreği Yavrularının (Dicentrarchus labrax) Açlık ve Yeniden Beslenmede Telafi Edici Büyüme Tepkisi ile Mineral ve Antioksidan Enzim Aktivitelerinin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Beslenme eksikliğinden sonra yeniden besleme döneminden sonra oluşan telafi büyümesi, balık çiftçiliğinin genel verimliliğini ve ekonomik uygulanabilirliğini önemli ölçüde etkileyebilir. Avrupa levreğinde (Dicentrarchus labrax) telafi edici büyümeyi anlamak, daha verimli besleme stratejilerine ve iyileştirilmiş balık sağlığına yol açabileceğinden su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği uygulamalarını optimize etmek için de önemlidir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışmada açlığın ve yeniden beslemenin levrek yavrularının büyüme performansı, mineral içeriği ve antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Deney, her biri üç tekrarlı beş uygulamayı içermektedir. Kontrol grubu (C) sürekli beslenirken, A1, A2, A3 ve A4 grupları bir, iki, üç ve dört hafta boyunca aç bırakılmıştır. Açlık döneminin ardından, tüm deneme grupları dört hafta boyunca günde iki kez doyuncaya kadar beslenmiştir. Denemenin sonunda, kontrol grubu açlık döneminde en iyi büyümeyi gösterirken, diğer grupların büyümesi açlık süresiyle azalma göstermiştir (p<0,05). Sonuç olarak, en yüksek spesifik büyüme oranı (SGR), yem dönüşüm oranı (FCR) ve hepatosomatik indeks (HSI) kontrol grubunda gözlenmiştir (p<0,05). Yeniden besleme döneminde potasyum (K) ve kalsiyum (Ca) düzeyleri açlık dönemine kıyasla önemli derecede azaldı. Ca, K, sodyum (Na) ve demir (Fe) oranları açlık döneminde yeniden besleme dönemine göre daha yüksek tespit edilmiştir. Dört hafta süren A4 grubu, her iki dönemde de kontrol uygulamasına kıyasla açlık döneminde en yüksek mineral içeriğine sahip bulunmuştur. Yeniden besleme döneminde kontrol uygulaması en düşük Ca, Fe, fosfor (P), manganez (Mn) ve çinko (Zn) düzeylerine sahip bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) ve lipid peroksidasyonu (LPO) dahil antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri, açlık döneminde A2, C ve A1 gruplarında en yüksek tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Bu değerler yeniden besleme döneminin sonunda önemli ölçüde azalmıştır (p<0,05). Bu nedenle, bu çalışma açlıktan sonra yeniden beslemenin incelenen levrek yavrularında kısmi telafi büyümesinin gözlendiği sonucuna varmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Levrek
• Dicentrarchus labrax
• Antioksidan enzimler
• Mineral madde
• Açlık
• Yeniden besleme
• Telafi büyümesi

Determination of the Compensatory Growth Response, Mineral and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of European Sea Bass Fingerlings (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Fasting and Re-feeding

Öz

Understanding compensatory growth in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) is also crucial for optimizing aquaculture practices as it can lead to more efficient feeding strategies and improved fish health. To this end, this study evaluated the effects of fasting and re-feeding on growth performance, mineral and antioxidant enzyme activities of European sea bass fingerlings. The experiment involved five treatments, each with three replicates. The control treatment was fed continuously, while treatments A1, A2, A3, and A4 were fasted for one, two, three, and four weeks, respectively. Following the fasting period, all treatments were fed to satiation twice daily for four weeks. At the end of the trial, the control treatment showed the best growth during the fasting period, while the growth of the other treatments decreased with the duration of fasting (p<0.05). Consequently, the highest specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were observed in the control treatment (p<0.05). During the re-feeding period, potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) levels significantly decreased compared to the fasting period. The ratios of Ca, K, sodium (Na), and iron (Fe) were higher during the fasting period than during the re-feeding period. A4 treatment, which lasted for four weeks, had the highest mineral content during the fasting period compared to the control treatment in both periods. In the re-feeding period, the control treatment had the lowest levels of Ca, Fe, phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) (p<0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), were highest in treatments A2, C, and A1 during the fasting period (p<0.05). These values significantly decreased by the end of the re-feeding period (p<0.05). Therefore, this study concludes that re-feeding after fasting resulted in partial compensatory growth in the European sea bass fingerlings examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European sea bass
• Dicentrarchus labrax
• Antioxidant enzymes
• Mineral matters
• Fasting
• Re-feeding
• Compansatory growth

Kaynakça

1. Adaklı, A. & Taşbozan, O. (2015). The effects of different cycles of starvation and refeeding on growth and body composition on European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 15, 419-427. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v15_2_28
2. Akyurt, İ. (1994). Balık beslemede mineraller. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültresi Dergisi, 25(3), 445-453
3. Ali, M., Nicieza, A. & Wootton, R.J. (2003). Compensatory growth in fishes: a response to growth depression. Fish and Fisheries, 4, 147-190. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2003.00120.x
4. Altan, Ö., Oguz, I., Erbayraktar , Z., Yilmaz, O., Bayraktar, H. & Sis, B. (2005). The effect of prolonged fasting and refeeding on GSH-Px activity, plasma glucose and cholesterol levels and welfare of older hens from different genotypes. Archive für Geflügelkunde, 69(4), 185- 191.
5. Anonymous (2024a) Engormix - Fish Nutrition: Minerals. https://en.engormix.com/
6. Anonymous (2024b) Biology Educare - Mineral Requirements of Fish. https://biologyeducare.com/
7. Antonopoulou, E., Kentepozidou, E., Feidantsis, K., Roufidou, C., Despoti, S. & Chatzifotis, S. (2013). Starvation and re-feeding affect Hsp expression, MAPK activation and antioxidant enzymes activity of European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, 165, 79-88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.02.019
8. Bayir, A., Sirkecioglu, A., Bayir,M., Haliloglu, H.I., Kocaman, E.M. & Aras, N.M. (2012). Metabolic responses to prolonged starvation, food restriction, and refeeding in the brown trout, Salmo trutta: Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B, 159,191-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.04.008

9. Bilgin, Ö., Çarlı, U., Erdoğan, S., Maviş, M.E., Gürsu, G.G. and Yılmaz, M., 2018. Determination of amino acid contents of anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, using LC-MS/MS. Turkish J. agric. Nat. Sci., 5: 465-470. https://doi.org/10.30910/turkjans.471272
10. Blazer, V.S. (1992). Nutrition and disease resistance in fish. Annu Rev Fish Dis, 2, 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90068-9
11. Black, D. & Love, R.M. (1986). The sequential mobilization and restoration of energy reserves in tissues of Atlantic cod during starvation and refeeding. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 156, 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00691032
12. Burrow, K., Young, W., McConnell, M., Carne, A., Barr, D., Reid, M. & Bekhit, A. (2020). The effect of sheep and cow milk supplementation of a low calcium diet on the distribution of macro and trace minerals in the organs of weanling rats. Nutrients, 12(3), 594. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030594
13. Cheng, A.C., Tu, C.W., Chen, Y.Y., Nan, F.H. & Chen, J.C. (2007). The immunostimulatory effects of sodium alginate and iota-carrageenan on orange- spotted grouper Epinephelus coicoides and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 22, 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2006.04.009
14. Dar, S.A., Srivastava, P.P., Varghese, T., Nazir, M.I., Gupta, S. & Krishna, G. (2019). Temporal changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and heat shock protein 70 gene expression, cortisol and antioxidant enzymes activity of Labeo rohita fingerlings subjected to starvation and refeeding. Gene, 692, 94-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.058
15. Dernekbaşı, S., & Karayücel, İ. (2021). Effect of alternate feeding with fish oil‐and peanut oil‐based diets on the growth and fatty acid compositions of European seabass fingerlings (Dicentrarchus labrax) in the recirculated systems. Aquaculture Research, 52 (7), 3137-3147. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15160
16. Ding, Z.L., Kong, Y.Q., Zhang, Y.X., Li, J.F., Cao, F., Zhou, J.B. & Ye, J.Y. (2017). Effect of feeding frequency on growth, body composition, antioxidant status and mRNA expression of immunodependent genes before or after ammonia-N stress in juvenile oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 68, 428-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.045
17. Doucett, R.R., Booth, R.K., Power, G. & McKinley, R.S. (1999). Effects of the spawning migration on the nutritional status of anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): insights from stable-isotope analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56, 2172-2180. https://doi.org/10.1139/f99-147
18. Ekambaram, P., Narayanan, M. & Jayachandran, T. (2014). Changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant status in stressed fish brain. International Journal of Science and Research, 3(5), 164-170.
19. Eroldoğan, O.T., Kumlu, M., Kırıs, G.A. & Sezer, B. (2006). Compensatory growth response of Sparus aurata following different starvation and refeeding protocols. Aquaculture Nutrition, 12, 203-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2006.00402.x
20. Florescu, I.E., Burcea, A., Popa, G.O., Dudu, A., Georgescu, S.E., Balaș, M., Dinescu, S., Voicu, S., Grecu, I., Dediu, L., Dinischiotu, A. & Costache, M. (2019). Effects of starvation and refeeding on growth performance and stress defense mechanisms of stellate sturgeon Acipenser stellatus juveniles from aquaculture. ACTA ABP Biochimica Polonica, 66(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2018_2712
21. Furné, M., Morales, A.E.,Trenzado, C.E., Garciá-Gallego, M., Hidalgo, M.C., Domezain, A. & Rus, A.S. (2012). The metabolic effects of prolonged starvation and refeeding in sturgeon and rainbow trout. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 182, 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-011-0596-9
22. Garcia, J.A. & Villarroel, M. (2009). Effect of feed type and feeding frequency on macrophage functions in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Fish Shellfish Immunology, 27, 325-329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2009.05.018 Gisbert, E., Fernández, I. & Alvarez-González, C. (2011). Prolonged feed deprivation does not permanently compromise digestive function in migrating European glass eels Anguilla anguilla. Journal of Fish Biology, 78, 580-592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02879.x
23. Glass, N.R. (1968). The effect of time of food deprivation on the routine oxygen consumption of largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides). Ecology, 49, 340-343. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934465
24. Graynoth, E. & Taylor, M.J. (2000). Influence of different rations and water temperature on the growth rates of shortfinned eels and longfinned eels. Journal of Fish Biology, 57,681-699. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00268.x
25. Guderley, H., Lapointe, D., Bédarda, M. & Dutil, J.-D. (2003). Metabolic priorities during starvation: enzyme sparing in liver and white muscle of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology Part A, 135, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00089-8
26. Harper, C. & Wolf, J.C. (2009). Morphologic Effects of the Stress Response in Fish. ILAR Journal, 50(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.50.4.387
27. Hayward, R.S., Wang, N. & Noltie, D.B. (2000). Group holding impedes compensatory growth of hybrid sunfish. Aquaculture 183:299-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00301-4
28. Hemre, G.-I., Mommsen, T.P. & Krogdahl, Å. (2002). Carbohydrates in fish nutrition: effects on growth, glucose metabolism and hepatic enzymes. Aquaculture Nutrition, 8, 175-194. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2095.2002.00200.x
29. Hisar, O., Yildirim, S., Aras, H.N. & Gultepe, N. (2009). Changes in liver and kidney antioxidant enzyme activities in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed cadmium. Asian Journal of Chemistry 21, 3133–3137.
30. Hornick, J.L., Eenaeme C.V., Gérard, O., Dufrasne, I. & Istasse, L. (2000). Mechanisms of reduced and compensatory growth. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 19, 121-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00072-2
31. Johansen, S.J.S., Ekli, M., Stangnes, B., & Jobling, M. (2001). Weight gain and lipid deposition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, during compensatory growth: evidence for lipostatic regulation? Aquaculture Research, 32(12), 963-974. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2001.00632.x
32. Martinéz-Valverde, I., Periago, J.M., Santaella, M. & Ros, G. (2000). The content and nutritional significance of minerals on fish flesh in the presence and absence of bone. Food Chemistry, 71, 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00197-7
33. Liu, Bo., Guo, H-Y., Liu, B-S., Zhang, N., Yang, J-W., Guo, L., Jiang, S-G. & Zhang, D-C. (2022). Starvation and refeeding influence the growth, biochemical index, intestinal microbiota, and transcriptomic profiles of golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). Frontiers in Marine Science 9:998190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.998190
34. McCue, M.D. (2010). Starvation physiology: reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 156, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.002
35. Morales, A.E., Pérez-Jiménez, A., Hidalgo, M.C., Abellan, E. & Cardenete, G. (2004). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses after prolonged starvation in Dentex dentex liver. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C, 139, 153-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.10.008
36. Mozanzadeh, M.T., Marammazi, J.G., Yaghoubi, M., Yavari, V., Agh, N. & Gisbert, E. (2017). Somatic and physiological responses to cyclic fasting and re-feeding periods in sobaity sea bream (Sparidentex hasta, Valenciennes 1830). Aquaculture Nutrition, 23,181-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12379
37. New, M.B. (2021). Feed and Feeding of Fish and Shrimp. What is food composed of? Minerals.
38. NRC (1993). Nutrient requirements of fish. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press. Pascual, P., Pedrajas, J.R., Toribio, F., Lopez-Barea, J. & Peinado, J. (2003). Effect of food deprivation on oxidative stress biomarkers in fish (Sparus aurata). Chemico-Biological Interactions, 145, 191-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2797(03)00002-4
39. Pérez-Jiménez, A., Guedes, M.J., Morales A.E. & Oliva-Teles, A. (2007). Metabolic responses to short starvation and refeeding in Dicentrarchus labrax. Effect of dietary composition Aquaculture, 265, 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.021
40. Quinton, J.C., & Blake, R.W. (1990). The effect of feed cycling and ration level on the compensatory growth response in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Fish Biology, 37(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05924.x
41. Roy, P.K. & Lall, S.P. (2006). Mineral nutrition of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.): a comparison of wild and cultured stock. J.ournal of Fish Biology, 68,1460-1472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2006.001031.x
42. Sakyi, M.E., Cai, J., Tanga, J., Xia, L., Li, P., Abarike, E.D., Kuebutornye, F.K.A. & Jian, J. (2020). Short term starvation and re-feeding in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Linnaeus 1758): Growth measurements, and immune responses. Aquaculture Reports, 16,100261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100370
43. Salem, M., Silverstein, J., Rexroad, C.E. & Yao, J. (2007). Effect of starvation on global gene expression and proteolysis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BMC Genomics, 8, 328e343. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-8-328
44. Sheikhzadeh, N., Tayefi-Nasrabadi, H., Oushani, A.K. & Enferadi, M.H.N. (2012). Effects of Haematococcus pluvialis supplementation on antioxidant system and metabolism in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 413-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9519-7
45. Taravat, M., Preeta, K., Mohammad, Z., Vahid, Y. & Mohammad, M.S. (2019). Effect of short term food deprivation and re-feeding on growth, feeding and biochemical body composition in sobaity fish, Sparidentex hasta. Veterinary Research, 12(2),10-18. https://doi.org/10.36478/vr.2019.10.18
46. Thomas, M. J. (2000). The role of free radicals and antioxidants. Nutrition, 16, 716-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00343-9
47. Türkmen, S., Eroldoğan, O.T., Yılmaz, H.A., Ölçülü, A., Kiriş Inan, G., Erçen, Z. & Tekelioğlu, Z. (2012). Compensatory growth response of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) under cycled starvation and restricted feeding rate. Aquaculture Research, 43,1643-1650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02970.x
48. Wang, T., Hung, C.C.Y. & Randall, D.J. (2006). The comparative physiology of food deprivation: from feast to famine. Annual Reviews in Physiology, 68, 223e251. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105739
49. Wang, C., Liang, Y., Fang, Y. & Chang, X. (2019). Effects of cyclical short-term food deprivation and refeeding on compensatory growth and gene expression of SOD, GPX and HSP70 in Schizothorax wangchiachii. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 94, 628-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.047
50. Won, E.T., & Borski, R.J. (2013). Endocrine regulation of compensatory growth in fish. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 4, 74. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00074
51. Yamashita, Y., Omura, Y. & Okazaki, E. (2006). Distinct regional profiles of trace element content in muscle of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica from Japan, Taiwan, and China. Fisheries Science, 72,1109-1113. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01263.x
52. Yılmaz, A. (2012). Sınırlı ve döngüsel yemleme stratejisinin japon balığı (Carassius auratus, Linnaeus 1758) yavrularında büyümeye etkisinin araştırılması. Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ordu, 83 s.
53. Yildiz, M. (2008). Mineral composition in fillets of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata): a comparison of cultured and wild fish. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24, 589-594. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2008.01097.x
54. Zheng, J.L., Zhu, Q.L., Shen, B., Zeng, L., Zhu, A.Y. & Wu, C.W. (2016). Effects of starvation on lipid accumulation and antioxidant response in the right and left lobes of liver in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. Ecological Indicators, 66, 269-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.01.037