Türkiye'deki Ekogenotoksikolojik Çalışmalarda Balık Mikroçekirdek Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2020, , 1 - 10, 03.07.2020

Gülşen Göney , Cengiz Gazeloğlu

https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.654156

Cited By: 1

Öz

Son yıllarda, dünya genelinde ekogenotoksikolojik çalışmalar özellikle sucul ekosistemlerde yürütülmektedir. Kirliliğin biyoizlenmesine yönelik olarak genotoksisite testlerinin sıklıkla kullanımı da dikkat çekmektedir. Sunulan çalışmada, Türkiye’de çevresel kirliliğin biyoizlenmesinde Comet, Mikroçekirdek, Floresan in Situ Hibridizasyon, Kromozomal aberasyon ve Kardeş kromatid değişimi genotoksisite testlerinin kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla 1970-2016 tarihleri arasında yapılmış olan balık türlerinde olası genotoksik hasarın araştırıldığı çalışmalar analiz edilmiştir. Literatür araştırması sonucunda en fazla çalışmanın 2011 yılında yapıldığı ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Çalışmaların %83.33’ünde mikroçekirdek, %30.55’inde comet, %5.55’inde kromozomal aberasyon deneyi ve %2.77’sinde kardeş kromatid değişimi deneyi kullanılmıştır. Ekogenotoksikolojik çalışmalarda en fazla kullanılan deney Mikroçekirdek deneyidir. Mikroçekirdek deney sonuçlarına yönelik yapılmış olan istatistiksel analiz sonucunda eritrosit ve solungaç hücreleri arasında mikroçekirdek sonuçları bakımından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılılık bulunmadığı (p>0.05) ortaya çıkartılmıştır. Sunulan çalışma Türkiye’de yapılmış olan ekotoksikolojik çalışmalarda genotoksisite testlerinin değerlendirildiği ilk çalışmadır. 4 R kuramında “iyileştirme” ilkesi dikkate alındığında, çalışma sonuçlarımız mikroçekirdek deneyinde periferal eritrositler yerine solungaç hücrelerinin kullanımının daha uygun olabileceğini göstermektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genotoksisite,, Mikroçekirdek, Çevresel Kirlilik, Sucul Toksisite, Ekotoksikoloji

Evaluation of Fish Micronucleus Results in Turkish Ecogenotoxicological Studies

Öz

In recent years, ecotoxicological studies have been conducted around the world, especially in aquatic ecosystems. It is noteworthy that genotoxicity tests have been frequently used in the biomonitoring of pollution. The present study evaluates genotoxicity tests including comet assays, micronucleus assays, fluorescent in-situ hybridization assays, chromosomal aberration assays, and sister chromatid exchange assays used in fish species for biomonitoring of environmental pollution in Turkey. Thirty-six ecotoxicological studies, which aimed to investigate possible genotoxic damage in fish species between the years 1970 and 2016, were analyzed. As a result of the literature review, it was concluded that the largest number of studies were done in 2011. There were micronucleus assays in 83.33%, comet assays in 30.55%, chromosomal aberration assays in 5.55%, and sister chromatid exchange experiments in 2.77% of the studies. Most of the micronucleus experiments were performed in eco-genotoxicological studies. Our results show that there were no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) between the erythrocyte and gill samples in the micronucleus results from the studies. This study is the first assessment of the use of genotoxicity tests in ecotoxicological studies in Turkey. Considering the principle of refinement in 4 R theory our results show that the use of gill cells instead of peripheral erythrocytes would be more appropriate in micronucleus assays.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Genotoxicity, micronucleus, environmental pollution, aquatic toxicity, ecotoxicology

Kaynakça

• Al-Sabti, K., & Metcalfe, C. D. (1995). Fish micronuclei for assessing genotoxicity in water. Mutation, 343(2-3):121-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(95)90078-0.
• Altinok, I., Capkin, E., & Boran, H. (2012). Mutagenic, genotoxic and enzyme inhibitory effects of carbosulfan in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Pesticide biochemistry and physiology, 102(1), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.10.011.
• Anbumani, S., & Mohankumar, M. N. (2019). The Piscine Erythrocyte Micronucleus Cytome Assay. In The Micronucleus Assay in Toxicology (pp. 228-242).
• Arslan, Ö. Ç., Parlak, H., Katalay, S., Boyacioglu, M., Karaaslan, M. A., & Guner, H. (2010). Detecting micronuclei frequency in some aquatic organisms for monitoring pollution of Izmir Bay (Western Turkey). Environmental monitoring and assessment, 165(1-4), 55-66. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-0926-5.
• Arslan, Ö. Ç., Boyacioğlu, M., Parlak, H., Katalay, S., & Karaaslan, M. A. (2015). Assessment of micronuclei induction in peripheral blood and gill cells of some fish species from Aliağa Bay Turkey. Marine pollution bulletin, 94(1-2), 48-54. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.018.
• Benli, A. Ç. K., Erkmen, B., & Erkoç, F. (2016). Genotoxicity of sub-lethal di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)/Genotoksičnost subletalne koncentracije di-n-butil ftalata (DBP-a) u nilskoj tilapiji (Oreochromis niloticus). Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 67(1), 25-30. doi: 10.1515/aiht-2016-67-2723.
• Cavas, T., Garanko, N. N., & Arkhipchuk, V. V. (2005). Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 43(4), 569-574. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.12.014.
• Çavaş, T., & Ergene-Gözükara, S. (2003). Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of lambda-cyhalothrin using nuclear and nucleolar biomarkers on fish cells. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 534(1-2), 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(02)00246-2.
• Çavaş, T., & Ergene-Gözükara, S. (2003b). Micronuclei, nuclear lesions and interphase silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) as cyto-genotoxicity indicators in Oreochromis niloticus exposed to textile mill effluent. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 538(1-2), 81-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(03)00091-3.
• Çavaş, T., & Ergene-Gözükara, S. (2005). Induction of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in Oreochromis niloticus following exposure to petroleum refinery and chromium processing plant effluents. Aquatic Toxicology, 74(3), 264-271. doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.06.001.
• Çavaş, T., & Ergene-Gözükara, S. (2005b). Genotoxicity evaluation of metronidazole using the piscine micronucleus test by acridine orange fluorescent staining. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 19(1). 107-111, doi:10.1016/j.etap.2004.05.007.
• Çavaş, T., & Ergene‐Gözükara, S. (2005c). Micronucleus test in fish cells: a bioassay for in situ monitoring of genotoxic pollution in the marine environment. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 46(1). 64-70, doi:10.1002/em.20130.
• Çavaş, T., & Könen, S. (2007). Detection of cytogenetic and DNA damage in peripheral erythrocytes of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to a glyphosate formulation using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Mutagenesis, 22(4), 263-268. doi:10.1093/mutage/gem012.
• Çavaş, T., & Könen, S. (2008). In vivo genotoxicity testing of the amnesic shellfish poison (domoic acid) in piscine erythrocytes using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Aquatic Toxicology, 90(2), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.011.
• Çavaş, T. (2008). In vivo genotoxicity of mercury chloride and lead acetate: Micronucleus test on acridine orange stained fish cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(1), 352-358. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.08.015.
• Cavas, T. (2011). In vivo genotoxicity evaluation of atrazine and atrazine–based herbicide on fish Carassius auratus using the micronucleus test and the comet assay. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(6), 1431-1435. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.038.
• Çok, İ., Ulutas, O. K., Okusluk, Ö., Durmaz, E., & Demir, N. (2011). Evaluation of DNA damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by comet assay for determination of possible pollution in Lake Mogan (Ankara). The Scientific World Journal, 11, 1455-1461. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2011.140.
• Demir, E., Turna, F., Aksakal, S., Emre, Y., Emre, N., Yağcı, A., & Kaya, B. (2015). The comet assay using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for the detection of nutrient pollution generated from overfed fish farms in the esen stream. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 24(11), 3665-3671.
• Doğan, D., Can, C., Kocyigit, A., Dikilitas, M., Taskin, A., & Bilinc, H. (2011). Dimethoate-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Chemosphere, 84(1), 39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.087.
• Ergene, S., Çavaş, T., Çelik, A., Köleli, N., Kaya, F., & Karahan, A. (2007). Monitoring of nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of three fish species from the Goksu Delta (Turkey): genotoxic damage in relation to water pollution. Ecotoxicology, 16(4), 385-391. doi:10.1007/s10646-007-0142-4.
• Ergene, S., Çavaş, T., Çelik, A., Köleli, N., & Aymak, C. (2007b). Evaluation of river water genotoxicity using the piscine micronucleus test. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 48(6), 421-429. doi:10.1002/em.20291.
• Gobas, F. A. (2018). Modeling the accumulation and toxicity of organic chemicals in aquatic food chains. In Chemical Dynamics in Freshwater Ecosystems (pp. 129-152). CRC Press.
• Gurcu, B., Yildiz, S., Koca, Y. B. G., & Koca, S. (2010). Investigation of histopathological and cytogenetic effects of heavy metals pollution on Cyprinus carpio (Linneaus, 1758) in the Gölmarmara Lake, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(4), 798-808. doi: 10.3923/javaa.2010.798.808.
• Gül, S., Özkan, O., Nur, G., & Aksu, P. (2008). Genotoxic Effects and LC 50 Value of NaOCl on Orthrias angorae (Steindachner 1897). Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 80(6), 544-548. doi: 10.1007/s00128-008-9404-y. ·
• Gül, A., Benli, A. Ç. K., Ayhan, A., Memmi, B. K., Selvi, M., Sepici‐Dinçel, A., ... & Erkoç, F. (2012). Sublethal propoxur toxicity to juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758): biochemical, hematological, histopathological, and genotoxicity effects. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 31(9), 2085-2092. doi: 10.1002/etc.1924.
• Hussain, B., Sultana, T., Sultana, S., Masoud, M. S., Ahmed, Z., & Mahboob, S. (2018). Fish eco-genotoxicology: Comet and micronucleus assay in fish erythrocytes as in situ biomarker of freshwater pollution. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 25(2), 393-398.
• Jha, A. N. (2008). Ecotoxicological applications and significance of the comet assay. Mutagenesis, 23(3), 207-221. doi: 10.1093/mutage/gen014.
• Kan, Y., Cengiz, E. I., Ugurlu, P., & Yanar, M. (2012). The protective role of vitamin E on gill and liver tissue histopathology and micronucleus frequencies in peripheral erythrocytes of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to deltamethrin. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 34(2), 170-179. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.03.009.
• Kaur, R., Shah, T. K., Kaur, S., & Rani, S. (2018). A review on genotoxicity in aquatic organisms and environment. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2018; 7(1): 353-359.
• Klobučar, G. I., Štambuk, A., Pavlica, M., & Erben, R. (2006). Genotoxicity monitoring of freshwater environment: comet and micronucleus assays. In Symposium Pollutant responses in marine organisms, 62: 306-316. doi: 10.1007/s10646-009-0390-6.
• Koca S, Koca YB, Yildiz Ş, Gürcü B. (2008). Genotoxic and histopathological effects of water pollution on two fish species, Barbus capito pectoralis and Chondrostoma nasus in the Büyük Menderes River, Turkey. Biological Trace Element Research, 122:276-91. doi: 10.1007/s12011-007-8078-3.
• Koca, Y. B., Koca, S., Yıldız, Ş., Gürcü, B., Osanç, E., Tunçbaş, O., & Aksoy, G. (2005). Investigation of histopathological and cytogenetic effects on Lepomis gibbosus (Pisces: Perciformes) in the Çine stream (Aydın/Turkey) with determination of water pollution. Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal, 20(6), 560-571. doi:10.1002/tox.20145.
• Könen, S., & Çavaş, T. (2008). Genotoxicity testing of the herbicide trifluralin and its commercial formulation Treflan using the piscine micronucleus test. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 49(6), 434-438. doi: 10.1002/em.20401.
• Kumar, M. P., D’costa, A., & Shyama, S. K. (2017). Genotoxic Biomarkers as Indicators of Marine Pollution. In Marine Pollution and Microbial Remediation (pp. 263-270). Springer, Singapore.
• Kutluyer, F., Öğretmen, F., & Inanan, B. E. (2016). Cryopreservation of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Spermatozoa: Effects of Extender Supplemented with Taurine on Sperm Motility and DNA Damage. CryoLetters, 37(1), 41-46.
• Mert, R., Karasu Benli, A. Ç., & Arslan, G. (2015). Determination of histological and genotoxic effects of formalin on Nile tilapia (O reochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture research, 46(11), 2798-2807.
• Mustafa, S. A., Al-Subiai, S. N., Davies, S. J., & Jha, A. N. (2011). Hypoxia-induced oxidative DNA damage links with higher level biological effects including specific growth rate in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Ecotoxicology, 20(6), 1455-1466. doi:10.1007/s10646-011-0702-5.
• Obiakor, M., Okonkwo, J., Nnabude, P., & Ezeonyejiaku, C. (2012). Eco-genotoxicology: micronucleus assay in fish erythrocytes as in situ aquatic pollution. Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2, 123-33.
• Özkan, F., Gündüz, S. G., Berköz, M., & Hunt, A. Ö. (2011). Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, following exposure to sublethal cadmium doses. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 35(4), 585-592. doi: 10.3906/zoo-0907-77.
• Raisuddin, S., & Jha, A. N. (2004). Relative sensitivity of fish and mammalian cells to sodium arsenate and arsenite as determined by alkaline single‐cell gel electrophoresis and cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 44(1), 83-89. doi: 10.1002/em.20027.
• Schweitzer, L., & Noblet, J. (2018). Water contamination and pollution. In Green Chemistry (pp. 261-290). Elsevier.
• Selvi, M., Çavaş, T., Cağlan Karasu Benli, A., Koçak Memmi, B., Çinkılıç, N., Dinçel, A. S., ... & Erkoç, F. (2013). Sublethal toxicity of esbiothrin relationship with total antioxidant status and in vivo genotoxicity assessment in fish (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) using the micronucleus test and comet assay. Environmental toxicology, 28(11), 644-651. doi:10.1002/tox.20760.
• Summak, S., Aydemir, N. C., Vatan, O., Yılmaz, D., Zorlu, T., & Bilaloğlu, R. (2010). Evaluation of genotoxicity from Nilufer Stream (Bursa/Turkey) water using piscine micronucleus test. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(8-9), 2443-2447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.007.
• Şişman, T. (2009). Early life stage and genetic toxicity of stannous chloride on zebrafish embryos and adults: toxic effects of tin on zebrafish. Environmental toxicology, 26: 240-249. doi 10.1002/tox.20550.
• Ulupınar, M. & Okumuş, İ. (2001). Detection of mutagenic-carcinogenic pollutants in aquatic systems using cytogenetic methods in fish. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 26:141-8.
• Villela, I. V., de Oliveira, I. M., da Silva, J., & Henriques, J. A. P. (2006). DNA damage and repair in haemolymph cells of golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) exposed to environmental contaminants. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 605(1-2), 78-86. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.02.006.
• Wells, P. G. (1999). Biomonitoring the health of coastal marine ecosystems–the roles and challenges of microscale toxicity tests. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39(1-12), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00120-4.
• Yazıcı, Z., Şişman, T. (2014). Genotoxic effects of water pollution on two fish species living in Karasu River, Erzurum, Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 186(11), 8007-8016. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-3983-3.
• Yildiz, S., Gurcu, B., Koca, Y. B., & Koca, S. (2010). Histopathological and genotoxic effects of pollution on Anguilla anguilla in the Gediz River (Turkey). Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(23), 2890-2899. doi: 10.3923/javaa.2010.2890.2899.
• Žegura, B., & Filipič, M. (2019). The application of the Comet assay in fish cell lines. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 842, 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.011.