Possible Harmfull Effects of Titanium Dioxide and Nano Titanium Dioxide Use on Aquatic Products

Öz

Nanotechnological products have being used widely in all areas of aquaculture, food and packaging technologies. Nano titanium dioxide (nTiO2, nanoTiO2) is one of the most accepted product among them. As industrial use of nTiO2 increases; production and consumption are also constantly increasing. In time, the effects of nanoparticles into aquatic life and human beings are not known exactly, in uncontrolled environment with excessive use. NanoTiO2 is immunotoxic to fish and reduces bactericidal function of fish neutrophils. Therefore, toxicological investigations have been performed for possible effects of nTiO2. Some studies; have shown that nTiO2 can cause adverse effects on immunity; and causes cell damage, genotoxicity, and inflammation. Nano TiO2 is classified as a possible carcinogen for human by International Cancer Research Agency and National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, based on the evidence from animal experiments. Nano TiO2 is permitted to be used as an additive (E171) in food and pharmaceutical products, There is not sufficient reliable data on the effects of oral intake of nTiO2. It is argued that, while providing low level acute toxicity of nTiO2, to aquatic organisms; long-term exposure may cause some lethal effects. In some countries, affiliated to EU, the use of nTiO2 as a food additive, is prohibited. In this review article, a legal and widely using subtance TiO2 and nTiO2, is presented and investigated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanotechnology,titanium dioxide (TiO2),seafood,Health

Titanyum Dioksit ve Nano Titanyum Dioksit Kullanımının Su Ürünlerine Olası Zararları

Öz

Nanoteknolojik ürünler; her alanda olduğu gibi su ürünleri yetiştiriciliği, gıda ve ambalaj teknolojilerinde de yer almaktadır. Nano titanyum dioksit (nTiO2, nanoTiO2) çok kabul gören ürünlerden birisidir. Endüstriyel kullanımı arttıkça, üretimi ve tüketimi de sürekli artmaktadır. Aşırı kullanım nedeniyle; kontrolsüz olarak çevreye katılan nanopartiküllerin, zamanla sucul canlılara ve insana yapabileceği etkiler tam bilinmemektedir. NanoTiO2 balıklara immünotoksiktir ve balık nötrofillerinin bakterisit işlevini azaltır. Bu nedenle, nTiO2 olası etkileri için toksikolojik incelemeler yapılmaktadır. Bazı çalışmalar; nTiO2’in bağışıklık, hücre hasarı, genotoksisite, enflamasyon gibi olumsuz etkilere neden olabileceğini göstermiştir. Hayvan deneylerinden elde edilen kanıtlara dayanan Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları Ajansı ve Ulusal İş Güvenliği ve Sağlığı Enstitüsü tarafından; NanoTiO2 “insanlar için olası kanserojen” olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Gıda ve eczacılık ürünlerinde, katkı maddesi olarak (E171) kullanılmasına izin verilmiştir. Oral alımların etkileri hakkında yeterince güvenilir veri yoktur. Sudaki organizmalara düşük akut toksisite sağlarken, uzun süreli maruz kalma durumunda bazı öldürücü etkilere yol açabileceği tartışılmaktadır. Avrupa Birliğine bağlı bazı ülkelerde, gıda katkı maddesi olarak kullanılmasının yasaklanması önerilmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, yasal ve geniş kullanım alanı olan titanyum dioksit (TiO2) ve nano titanyum dioksit (nTiO2) araştırılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanoteknoloji,titanyumdioksit (TiO2),su ürünleri,Sağlık

Kaynakça

1. Altuntaş M., (2017). Titanyum Dioksit Nedir? http://gidabilgi.com/Makale/Detay/titanyum-dioksit-nedir--aa2978
2. Anonim, (2018a). http://atgidalab.com/tr-TR/Laboratuvar/Detay?katNo=50&ust No =29
3. Anonim, (2018b). Titanium dioxide in foods. Publication date: 21/08/2018 https://www.rivm.nl/en/Topics/N/Nanotechnology/Foods/Titanium_dioxide_in_foods.
4. Bakare A.A., Udoakang A.J., Anifowoshe A.T., Fadoju O.M., Ogunsuyi O.I., Alabi O.A., Alimba C.G. & Oyeyemi I.T. (2016). Genotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles using the Mouse Bone Marrow Micronucleus and Sperm Morphology Assays. J Pollut Eff Cont 4:156. doi:10.4172/2375-4397.1000156.
5. Boyle D., Al-Bairuty G.A. , Henry T.B. & Handy R.D. (2013). Critical comparison of intravenous injection of TiO2 nanoparticles with waterborne and dietary exposures concludes minimal environmentally-relevant toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environmental Pollution 182 (2013) 70-79.
6. Canesi, L., Ciacci, C., Vallotto, D., Gallo, G., Marcomini, A. & Pojana, G., (2010a). In vitro effects of suspensions of selected nanoparticles (C60 fullerene, TiO2, SiO2) on Mytilus hemocytes. Aquatic Toxicology 96, 151e158.
7. Canesi, L., Fabbri, R., Gallo, G., Vallotto, D., Marcomini, A. & Pojana, G., (2010b). Biomarkers in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to suspensions of selected nanoparticles (Nano carbon black, C60 fullerene, Nano-TiO2, Nano-SiO2). Aquatic Toxicology 100, 168e177.
8. Canesi L., Ciacci C., Fabbri R., Marcomini A., Pojana G. & Gallo G.(2012). Bivalve molluscs as a unique target group for nanoparticle toxicity. Marine Env.Res. Doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.06.005

9. Chellaram C., Murugaboopathi G. , Johna A.A., Sivakumar R., Ganesan S., Krithika S. & Priya G.(2014). Significance of Nanotechnology in Food Industry. APCBEE Procedia 8 (2014)109–113 doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2014.03.010. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82058202.pdf
10. Clemente, Z., Castro, V. L., Jonsson, C. M. & Fraceto, L. F. (2012). Ecotoxicology of Nano-TiO2 – An Evaluation of its Toxicity to Organisms of Aquatic Ecosystems. Int. J. Environ. Res., 6(1):33-50, Winter 2012 ISSN: 1735-6865. https://ijer.ut.ac.ir/article_470_cdc1d006dace442b71300f18a790a2a6.pdf
11. El-Daly A.A. (2017). The Histopathological, Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Effects of Intraperitoneal Injection with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Titanium Dioxide Bulk on the Liver of the Albino Mice. J Anim Health Behav Sci 1:104.
12. Esterkin, C.R., Negro, A.C., Alfano, O.M., Cassano, A.E. (2005). Air pollution remediation in a fixed bed photocatalytic reactor coated with TiO2. AIChE J. 51, 2298–2310.Farkas J., Bergum S., Nilsen E.W., Olsen A.J., Salaberria I., Ciesielski T.M.,Bączek T., Konieczna L., Salvenmoser W. & Jenssen B.M. (2015). The impact of TiO2 nanoparticles on uptake and toxicity of benzo (a) pyrene in the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). Sci. Total Env. Vol 511, Pages.469-476 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.084
13. Fisher J. & Egerton T. (2007).Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley, New York. Index to Volumes 1 - 26, 5th Edition. ISBN:978-0-471-48496-7
14. Gök Metin, Z. & Özdemir L. (2015). “Nanoteknolojinin Sağlık Alanında Kullanımı ve Hemşirenin Sorumlulukları”, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(3):235-243.
15. Heringa M.B., Geraets L., Eijkeren J.C.H., Vandebriel R.J., Jong W.H. & Oomen A.G.(2016). Risk assessment of titanium dioxide nanoparticles via oral exposure, including toxicokinetic considerations. Nanotoxicology, 10:10, 1515-1525, DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1238113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2016.1238113
16. Heringa M. B., Peters R. J. B., Bleys R. L. A. W., van der Lee M. K., Tromp P. C.,van Kesteren P. C. E., van Eijkeren J. C. H., Undas A. K., Oomen A. G. & Bouwmeester H. (2018). Detection of titanium particles in human liver and spleen and possible health implications Particle and Fibre Toxicology201815:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-018-0251-7
17. Jovanović B. (2015). Critical review of public health regulations of titanium dioxide, a human food additive. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 11 (1) (2015), pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1571
18. Jovanović B., Whitley E.M., Kimura K., Crumpton A. & Palić D., (2015). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles enhance mortality of fish exposed to bacterial pathogens. Environmental Pollution. Vol.203, August 2015, Pages 153-164.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.003
19. Kaegi, R., Ulrich, A., Sinnet, B., Vonbank, R., Wichser, A., Zuleeg, S., Simmler, H., Brunner, S., Vonmont, H., Burkhardt, M., Boller, M. (2008). Synthetic TiO2 nanoparticle emission from exterior facades into the aquatic environment. Environ. Pollut. 156, 233–239.
20. Khosravi-Katuli K., Prato E., Lofrano G., Guida M., Vale G.& Libralato G.(2017). Effects of nanoparticles in species of aquaculture interest.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Jul;24(21):17326-17346. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9360-3. Epub 2017 Jun 9. Erişim.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28597390; https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11356-017-9360-3.pdf
21. Kiser, M.A., Westerhoff, P., Benn, T., Wang, Y., Perez-Rivera, J., Hristovski, K.(2009). Titanium nanomaterial removal and release from wastewater treatment plants. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 6757–6763.
22. Klaine S.J., Alvarez P.J., Batley G.E., Fernandes T.F., Handy R.D., Lyon D.Y., Mahendra S., McLaughlin M.J., Lead J.R. (2008). Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27 (2008), pp. 1825-1851
23. Koç G. & Uzmay A., (2015). Gıda Güvencesi ve Gıda Güvenliği: Kavramsal Çerçeve, Gelişmeler ve Türkiye. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi 2015; 21(1): 39-48 39 Libralato G. (2014). The case of Artemia spp. in nanoecotoxicology. Marine Env.Research 101:38-43.
24. Meacock, G., Taylor, K.D.A., Knowles, M.J. and Himonides, A. (1997). The Improved Whitening of Minced Cod Flesh Using Dispersed Titanium Dioxide. J Sci Food Agric, 73, 221-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199702)73:23.0.CO;2-U
25. Ozkaleli M& Erdem A. (2018).Biotoxicity of TiO2 Nanoparticles on Raphidocelis subcapitata Microalgae Exemplified by Membrane Deformation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 416. doi:10.3390/ijerph15030416
26. Pal (2017). Pal M, Mahendra R (2015) Sanitation in Food Establishments. LAMBERT Academic Publishers, Saarbruchen, Germany.
27. Ramsden C.S., Smith T.J., Shaw B.J. & Handy R.D. (2009). Dietary exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): no effect on growth, but subtle biochemical disturbances in the brain. Ecotoxicology 18:939–951.
28. Robichaud, C.; Uyar, A.E.; Darby, M.R.; Zucker, L.G.; Wiesner, M.R. (2009). Estimates of upper bounds and trends in nano-TiO2 production as a basis for exposure assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 4227–4233.
29. Roco M.C., Mirkin C.A. & Hersam M.C. (2010). Nanotechnology Research Directions for Societal Needs in 2020: Retrospective and Outlook, World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC) and the National Science Foundation (NSF), Springer, 2010. https://www.nano.gov/sites/default/files/pub_resource/wtec_nano2_report.pdf
30. Sharma B.B. & Dash G.(2018). Relevance Of Nanotechnology In The Field of Aquaculture. http://aquafind.com/articles/Nanotechnology-In-Aquaculture.php
31. Sonawane R., Hegde S. & Dongare M. (2003). Preparation of titanium (IV) oxide thin film photocatalyst by sol–gel dip coating. Mater Chem Phy 77:744–750
32. Tager J (2014) Nanomaterials in food packaging: FSANZ fails consumers gain. Chain Reaction 122: 16-17.7
33. Turgut O, Keskin H.L. & Avşar A.F. (2011). Nanoteknoloji nedir? Turkish Medical Journal 2011:5(1) https://www.journalagent.com/ttd/pdfs/TTD_5_1_45_49.pdf
34. Türk Gıda ve İçecek Sanayi Dernekleri Federasyonu, (TGDF), (2011). Çiftlikten Çatala Gıda Güvenliği. s.70. TGDF Yayınları, Ankara.
35. Wang D., Hu J., Irons D.R. & Wang J. (2011). Synergistic toxic effect of nano-TiO and As(V) on Ceriodaphnia dubia. Sci Total Environ. 2011 Mar 1;409(7):1351-6. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.024.
36. Weir A., Westerhoff P., Fabricius L. & von Goetz N. (2012). Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products. Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Feb 21; 46(4): 2242–2250. Publ. online 2012 Feb 8. doi: 10.1021/es204168d
37. Zhang X., Sun H., Zhang Z., Niu Q., Chen Y. & Crittenden J.C. (2007). Enhanced bioaccumulation of cadmium in carp in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.Chemosphere, 67 (2007), pp. 160-166.
38. Zhu X., Wang J., Zhang X., Chang Y.& Chen Y. (2010a). Trophic transfer of TiO2 nanoparticles from daphnia to zebrafish in a simplified freshwater food chain. Chemosphere 79:928–933
39. Zhu X., Chang Y. & Chen Y. (2010b) . Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates in Daphnia magna, Chemosphere 78 (2010) 209-215.
40. Zhu X., Zhou J. & Cai Z. (2011). The toxicity and oxidative stress of TiO2 nanoparticles in marine abalone (Haliotis diversicolor supertexta). Mar Poll Bull 63:334–338