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THE COURAGE-BASED MOTIVATION THEORY: COURAGE AS THE EXISTENTIAL CORE OF HUMAN MOTIVATION

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 329 - 358, 30.12.2025

Öz

Although numerous theories have been proposed concerning motivation and human needs, motivation-related problems remain highly prevalent in everyday life. This situation indicates the insufficiency of existing motivation theories and highlights the fact that courage—the essential core of motivation—has not been adequately emphasized. The present study, through the development of the Courage-Based Motivation Theory, addresses this deficiency by placing courage at the very foundation of motivation and the process of need satisfaction. Based on the most well-known theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the study emphasizes that courage is the fundamental element in fulfilling needs at every level. Drawing upon Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Golden Mean, it suggests that the proper use of courage lies between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness in the satisfaction of needs. Furthermore, it offers a more detailed examination of Maslow’s highest level of need—self-actualization, which is particularly relevant to modern individuals. It is anticipated that the newly proposed Courage-Based Motivation Theory will guide future research in the field of motivation and help scholars better understand that courage lies at the core of human motivation, thereby preventing unnecessary theoretical and practical efforts.

Etik Beyan

Not necessary

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Alshehri, F. A. H., & Elsaied, M. (2022). The mediating effect of moral courage in the relationship between virtuous leadership and moral voice. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(2), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2021-0350
  • Anita, R., Abdillah, M. R., & Zakaria, N. B. (2021). Authentic leader and internal whistleblowers: Testing a dual mediation mechanism. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 37(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-03-2020-0036
  • Aristotle. (2009). Nicomachean ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published ca. 350 BCE)
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2010). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 49(5), 677-693.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
  • Bayramoğlu, G., & Mert, İ. S. (2024). The silent architect of organizations: Traces of embedded courage in daily routines within Turkish literature. Journal of Industrial Policy and Technology Management, 7(2), 139–160.
  • Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead. Gotham Books.
  • Cheng, J., Bai, H., & Yang, X. (2019). Ethical leadership and internal whistleblowing: A mediated moderation model. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3517-3
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of research in personality, 19(2), 109-134.
  • Deeg, M. D., & May, D. R. (2022a). The benefits to the human spirit of acting ethically at work: The effects of professional moral courage on work meaningfulness and life well-being. Journal of Business Ethics, 181(2), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04980-4
  • Dodson, S. (2023). Courage, Honour, and Phlegm: A Study of Eighteenth‐Century Military Writers' Descriptions of Soldiers' Combat Emotions and Motivation. Journal for Eighteenth‐Century Studies, 46(2), 279-295.
  • Finfgeld, D. L. (1999). Courage as a process of living. Nursing Forum, 34(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1999.tb00972.x
  • Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning. Beacon Press.
  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). Wiley.
  • Holmes, T. H., & Howard, M. C. (2023). Moral identity and moral courage: Exploring the link between who we are and what we do. Journal of Moral Education, 52(3), 285–302.
  • Howard, M. C., & Holmes, T. H. (2020). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace courage: A conceptual linkage. Journal of Business Psychology, 35(4), 621–637.
  • Kaltiainen, J., Lipponen, J., & Holtz, B. C. (2024). The relational side of workplace courage: Coworker relationships, identity, and support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(2), 251–266.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (1980). The concept of anxiety (R. Thomte, Trans.). Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1844)
  • Koksal, K., & Mert, I. S. (2024). The role of courage and interactional justice in emotional exhaustion of emergency nurses: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey. International Nursing Review, 71(1), 54-61.
  • Lassiter, C. (2017). Disciplined courage: A practical virtue ethics approach. Routledge.
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
  • Maddi, S. R. (2006). Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(3), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619609
  • Malik, A., Conroy, M., & Turner, C. (2020). Phronesis in medical ethics: courage and motivation to keep on the track of rightness in decision-making. Health Care Analysis, 28(2), 158-175.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). Harper & Row.
  • May, R. (1975). The courage to create. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Van Nostrand.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2025). Askeri Cesaretin Evrimi. Türk Savaş Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 132-152.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2007). Cesaret yönetimi. İstanbul: Hayat Yayınları.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2010). Terör yönetimi kuramı ve cesaret: Kavramsal bir tartışma. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 6(12), 57–80.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2011). Yöneticilerin Kullandıkları Motivasyonel Dil ve Performans Üzerindeki Etkisi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(26), 197-214.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021a). Cesaret ve bileşenlerinin keşfine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma: Eski bir erdemin yeniden keşfi. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.857009
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021b). Cesareti anlamak. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.975847
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021c). Kahramanlığı anlamak: Kahramanlık olgusu üzerine bir literatür araştırması. SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(1), 117–144.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2022a). İş yerinde cesaret konulu makalelerin bibliyometrik analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.1211090
  • Mert, İ. S. (2023a). Perceptions of courage: An in‐depth examination of lay people's attributions toward courage. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 9(2), 211–225.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2023b). Before and after courage: Understanding laypeople’s most courageous actions and emotional dynamics. Journal of Industrial Policy and Technology Management, 6(2), 371–393.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2023c). Cesaret nedir? Cesaret tanımlarının içerik analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 126–153.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2024). Cesaret türleri. Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 85–116. https://doi.org/10.54969/abuijss.1613864
  • Mert, İ. S. & Aydemir, M. (2019). Yönetsel cesaretin tarihi kaynakları üzerine bir inceleme: Eski türk yazıtlarında cesaret. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(6), 319-328.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2024). Cesaret ve iş yaşamı: Türkçe araştırmaların perspektifleri ışığında iş yaşamında sürdürülebilirliğe ilişkin bazı önermeler. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 139–165. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.1623409
  • Mert, İ. S., Keskin, N., & Baş, T. (2011). Motivasyonel Dil Teorisi ve Ölçme Aracının Türkçede Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 12(2), 243-255.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Holiev, R. (2024). Nursing courage: A systematic literature review. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 10(2), 203–228.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Koksal, K. (2023). Moral courage and unethical pro-organizational behavior: A dual-pathway model. Journal of Business Ethics, 190(4), 943–959.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Köksal, K. (2022b). The effect of workplace social courage on life satisfaction: A scale adaptation. Ege Academic Review, 22(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1090712
  • Mert, İ. S., Danandeh Mehr, A., & Abualigah, L. (2025). The management genetic code: Courageous dimensions, morality and evolutionary satisfaction. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2024-0031
  • Mert, İ. S., Şen, C., & Alzghoul, A. (2022). Organizational justice, life satisfaction, and happiness: The mediating role of workplace social courage. Kybernetes, 51(7), 2215–2232. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-06-2021-0480
  • Mohsin, M. (2024). Workplace courage and employee well-being: A structural model of ethical resilience. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 29(1), 50–65.
  • Namal, M., Tufan, C., Sani Mert, I., & Arun, K. (2024). Decent work, employee satisfaction, and the mediating role of social courage in reducing turnover. Sage Open, 14(2), 21582440241242060.
  • Namal, M. K., Tufan, C., Köksal, K. & Mert, İ. S. (2023). The Effect of Market and Technological Turbulence on Innovation Performance in Nascent Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneur’s Courage, Economics, 17(1), pp. 20220052.
  • Nietzsche, F. (1974). The gay science (W. Kaufmann, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1882)
  • Norton, D. L. (2015). Personal destinies: A philosophy of ethical individualism. Princeton University Press.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ogunfowora, B., Nguyen, V., Steel, P., & Salter, N. (2021). A meta-analytic investigation of leader role modeling and ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 173(2), 293–314.
  • Peralta, C. F., Lopes, P. N., Gilson, L. L., & Lourenço, P. R. (2021). Team courage and innovation: How leader support fosters creative behavior. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(4), 801–814.
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  • Sert, O., Mert, İ. S., Şen, C., & Arun, K. (2025). Exploring the relationship between happiness, courage, and justice in lawyers’ perspectives: A qualitative study. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2025.2481388
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  • Tkachenko, O., Ardichvili, A., & Chernyak-Hai, L. (2020). The role of courage in promoting organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-cultural analysis. Human Resource Development International, 23(2), 115–132.
  • Tufan, C., Uğurlu, Ö. Y., Mert, İ. S., & Kizildag, D. (2024). Job Crafting among Airport Security: The Role of Organizational Support, Work Engagement and Social Courage. Economics, 18(1), 20220126.
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  • Wang, Z., Li, N., & Xu, W. (2024b). Moral courage and whistle-blowing intention: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 192(3), 555–572.

CESARET TABANLI MOTİVASYON KURAMI: İNSAN MOTİVASYONUNUN VAROLUŞSAL ÖZÜ OLARAK CESARET

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 329 - 358, 30.12.2025

Öz

Motivasyon ve insan ihtiyaçları üzerine çok sayıda teori öne sürülmüş olmasına rağmen, motivasyonla ilgili sorunlar günlük yaşamda oldukça yaygın olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu durum, mevcut motivasyon teorilerinin yetersizliğini göstermekte ve motivasyonun özü olan cesaretin yeterince vurgulanmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, Cesaret Temelli Motivasyon Teorisi'ni geliştirerek, cesareti motivasyonun ve ihtiyaç tatmin sürecinin temeline yerleştirerek bu eksikliği ele almaktadır. En bilinen teori olan Maslow'un İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisi'ne dayanan çalışma, cesaretin her düzeydeki ihtiyaçları karşılamada temel unsur olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Aristoteles'in Altın Oran Doktrini'nden yararlanarak, cesaretin doğru kullanımının ihtiyaçların tatmininde korkaklık ve pervasızlık uçları arasında yer aldığını ileri sürmektedir. Ayrıca, Maslow'un en yüksek ihtiyaç seviyesi olan ve özellikle modern bireyler için önemli olan kendini gerçekleştirme ihtiyacının daha detaylı bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Yeni önerilen Cesaret Temelli Motivasyon Teorisi'nin motivasyon alanında yapılacak gelecekteki araştırmalara rehberlik etmesi ve bilim insanlarının cesaretin insan motivasyonunun temelinde yattığını daha iyi anlamalarına yardımcı olarak gereksiz teorik ve pratik çabaların önüne geçmesi beklenmektedir.

Etik Beyan

A review study.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Alshehri, F. A. H., & Elsaied, M. (2022). The mediating effect of moral courage in the relationship between virtuous leadership and moral voice. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(2), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-07-2021-0350
  • Anita, R., Abdillah, M. R., & Zakaria, N. B. (2021). Authentic leader and internal whistleblowers: Testing a dual mediation mechanism. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 37(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-03-2020-0036
  • Aristotle. (2009). Nicomachean ethics (W. D. Ross, Trans.). Oxford University Press. (Original work published ca. 350 BCE)
  • Avey, J. B., Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2010). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 49(5), 677-693.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
  • Bayramoğlu, G., & Mert, İ. S. (2024). The silent architect of organizations: Traces of embedded courage in daily routines within Turkish literature. Journal of Industrial Policy and Technology Management, 7(2), 139–160.
  • Brown, B. (2012). Daring greatly: How the courage to be vulnerable transforms the way we live, love, parent, and lead. Gotham Books.
  • Cheng, J., Bai, H., & Yang, X. (2019). Ethical leadership and internal whistleblowing: A mediated moderation model. Journal of Business Ethics, 155(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3517-3
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of research in personality, 19(2), 109-134.
  • Deeg, M. D., & May, D. R. (2022a). The benefits to the human spirit of acting ethically at work: The effects of professional moral courage on work meaningfulness and life well-being. Journal of Business Ethics, 181(2), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04980-4
  • Dodson, S. (2023). Courage, Honour, and Phlegm: A Study of Eighteenth‐Century Military Writers' Descriptions of Soldiers' Combat Emotions and Motivation. Journal for Eighteenth‐Century Studies, 46(2), 279-295.
  • Finfgeld, D. L. (1999). Courage as a process of living. Nursing Forum, 34(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.1999.tb00972.x
  • Frankl, V. E. (1959). Man’s search for meaning. Beacon Press.
  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work (2nd ed.). Wiley.
  • Holmes, T. H., & Howard, M. C. (2023). Moral identity and moral courage: Exploring the link between who we are and what we do. Journal of Moral Education, 52(3), 285–302.
  • Howard, M. C., & Holmes, T. H. (2020). Organizational citizenship behavior and workplace courage: A conceptual linkage. Journal of Business Psychology, 35(4), 621–637.
  • Kaltiainen, J., Lipponen, J., & Holtz, B. C. (2024). The relational side of workplace courage: Coworker relationships, identity, and support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33(2), 251–266.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (1980). The concept of anxiety (R. Thomte, Trans.). Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1844)
  • Koksal, K., & Mert, I. S. (2024). The role of courage and interactional justice in emotional exhaustion of emergency nurses: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey. International Nursing Review, 71(1), 54-61.
  • Lassiter, C. (2017). Disciplined courage: A practical virtue ethics approach. Routledge.
  • Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
  • Maddi, S. R. (2006). Hardiness: The courage to grow from stresses. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(3), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600619609
  • Malik, A., Conroy, M., & Turner, C. (2020). Phronesis in medical ethics: courage and motivation to keep on the track of rightness in decision-making. Health Care Analysis, 28(2), 158-175.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). Harper & Row.
  • May, R. (1975). The courage to create. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
  • McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Van Nostrand.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2025). Askeri Cesaretin Evrimi. Türk Savaş Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 132-152.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2007). Cesaret yönetimi. İstanbul: Hayat Yayınları.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2010). Terör yönetimi kuramı ve cesaret: Kavramsal bir tartışma. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 6(12), 57–80.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2011). Yöneticilerin Kullandıkları Motivasyonel Dil ve Performans Üzerindeki Etkisi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(26), 197-214.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021a). Cesaret ve bileşenlerinin keşfine ilişkin nitel bir araştırma: Eski bir erdemin yeniden keşfi. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.857009
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021b). Cesareti anlamak. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.975847
  • Mert, İ. S. (2021c). Kahramanlığı anlamak: Kahramanlık olgusu üzerine bir literatür araştırması. SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(1), 117–144.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2022a). İş yerinde cesaret konulu makalelerin bibliyometrik analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.1211090
  • Mert, İ. S. (2023a). Perceptions of courage: An in‐depth examination of lay people's attributions toward courage. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 9(2), 211–225.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2023b). Before and after courage: Understanding laypeople’s most courageous actions and emotional dynamics. Journal of Industrial Policy and Technology Management, 6(2), 371–393.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2023c). Cesaret nedir? Cesaret tanımlarının içerik analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 126–153.
  • Mert, İ. S. (2024). Cesaret türleri. Antalya Bilim Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 85–116. https://doi.org/10.54969/abuijss.1613864
  • Mert, İ. S. & Aydemir, M. (2019). Yönetsel cesaretin tarihi kaynakları üzerine bir inceleme: Eski türk yazıtlarında cesaret. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(6), 319-328.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Bayramoğlu, G. (2024). Cesaret ve iş yaşamı: Türkçe araştırmaların perspektifleri ışığında iş yaşamında sürdürülebilirliğe ilişkin bazı önermeler. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 139–165. https://doi.org/10.29131/uiibd.1623409
  • Mert, İ. S., Keskin, N., & Baş, T. (2011). Motivasyonel Dil Teorisi ve Ölçme Aracının Türkçede Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 12(2), 243-255.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Holiev, R. (2024). Nursing courage: A systematic literature review. Journal of International Trade, Logistics and Law, 10(2), 203–228.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Koksal, K. (2023). Moral courage and unethical pro-organizational behavior: A dual-pathway model. Journal of Business Ethics, 190(4), 943–959.
  • Mert, İ. S., & Köksal, K. (2022b). The effect of workplace social courage on life satisfaction: A scale adaptation. Ege Academic Review, 22(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.1090712
  • Mert, İ. S., Danandeh Mehr, A., & Abualigah, L. (2025). The management genetic code: Courageous dimensions, morality and evolutionary satisfaction. Management Decision. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2024-0031
  • Mert, İ. S., Şen, C., & Alzghoul, A. (2022). Organizational justice, life satisfaction, and happiness: The mediating role of workplace social courage. Kybernetes, 51(7), 2215–2232. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-06-2021-0480
  • Mohsin, M. (2024). Workplace courage and employee well-being: A structural model of ethical resilience. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 29(1), 50–65.
  • Namal, M., Tufan, C., Sani Mert, I., & Arun, K. (2024). Decent work, employee satisfaction, and the mediating role of social courage in reducing turnover. Sage Open, 14(2), 21582440241242060.
  • Namal, M. K., Tufan, C., Köksal, K. & Mert, İ. S. (2023). The Effect of Market and Technological Turbulence on Innovation Performance in Nascent Enterprises: The Moderating Role of Entrepreneur’s Courage, Economics, 17(1), pp. 20220052.
  • Nietzsche, F. (1974). The gay science (W. Kaufmann, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1882)
  • Norton, D. L. (2015). Personal destinies: A philosophy of ethical individualism. Princeton University Press.
  • Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ogunfowora, B., Nguyen, V., Steel, P., & Salter, N. (2021). A meta-analytic investigation of leader role modeling and ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 173(2), 293–314.
  • Peralta, C. F., Lopes, P. N., Gilson, L. L., & Lourenço, P. R. (2021). Team courage and innovation: How leader support fosters creative behavior. Creativity and Innovation Management, 30(4), 801–814.
  • Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.
  • Pury, C. L. S., & Lopez, S. J. (2010). Courage and the psychology of positive change. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2nd ed., pp. 375–384). Oxford University Press.
  • Putman, D. (1997). Psychological courage. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 4(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1353/ppp.1997.0041
  • Rachman, S. J. (1990). Fear and courage. WH Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
  • Santilli, S., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2024). Life satisfaction and career adaptability: The moderating role of workplace courage. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 147, 103873.
  • Sekerka, L. E., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2007). Moral courage in the workplace: Moving to and from the desire and decision to act. Business Ethics: A European Review, 16(2), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8608.2007.00484.x
  • Sert, O., Mert, İ. S., Şen, C., & Arun, K. (2025). Exploring the relationship between happiness, courage, and justice in lawyers’ perspectives: A qualitative study. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2025.2481388
  • Snyder, N. (2010). Vision, values, and courage: Leadership for quality management. Simon and Schuster.
  • Srivastava, S., & Gupta, S. (2022). Workplace spirituality and ethical leadership: The mediating role of courage. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 43(5), 731–748.
  • Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 598-607.
  • Tillich, P. (1952). The courage to be. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Tkachenko, O., Ardichvili, A., & Chernyak-Hai, L. (2020). The role of courage in promoting organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-cultural analysis. Human Resource Development International, 23(2), 115–132.
  • Tufan, C., Uğurlu, Ö. Y., Mert, İ. S., & Kizildag, D. (2024). Job Crafting among Airport Security: The Role of Organizational Support, Work Engagement and Social Courage. Economics, 18(1), 20220126.
  • Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. Wiley.
  • Wang, Z., Li, N., & Xu, W. (2024b). Moral courage and whistle-blowing intention: The mediating role of ethical climate. Journal of Business Ethics, 192(3), 555–572.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Strateji
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

İbrahim Sani Mert 0000-0002-2850-1865

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mert, İ. S. (2025). THE COURAGE-BASED MOTIVATION THEORY: COURAGE AS THE EXISTENTIAL CORE OF HUMAN MOTIVATION. Journal of Management Theory and Practices Research, 6(2), 329-358.