COVİD-19 Afet Kahramanlarının Mesleki Görünürlüğü: Hemşire Örneğinden Analiz

Yıl 2024,

Mesiya Aydın , Özen Kulakaç , İlknur Aydın Avci

https://doi.org/10.17049/jnursology.1416123

Öz

Amaç: Acil bir halk sağlığı sorununa yol açan COVİD-19 salgını, küresel çapta etkisi olan biyolojik bir felakettir. Bu çalışmada bu felakette medyada yer alan "süper kahraman" söylemine ilişkin hemşirelerin görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenolojik araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma Şubat – Nisan 2022 tarihleri arasında yoğun bakım kliniklerinde çalışan 23 hemşire ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Bulgular: Bu çalışmada, COVİD-19 salgını sırasında yoğun bakımda çalışan hemşirelerin medyadaki “süper kahraman” söylemine ilişkin görüşleri, kahramanlığın yükselişi (fark edilmek, daha yüksek verim için kahramanlık söylemi, zoraki kahraman) kahramanlığın görünmezliği (pandemi öncesi görünmezlik, pandemide görünmezlik) ve kahramanlığın ölümü (alkışlar, ben gerçeğim…oyuncak değilim) temaları altında incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, hemşireliğin sağlık sistemine katkısının pandemi gibi kriz koşullarında biraz daha görünür olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Sonuç: Hemşireler “kahraman” ya da “süper kahraman” olarak ortaya çıktığında insan olarak kırılganlıklarının göz ardı edilebildiği belirtilmiştir. Bu “mesleki görünmezlik ve kahramanca görünürlük” bir paradoks olarak ortaya çıkmakta ve hemşirelik ya meslek olarak “görünmez” olmakta ya da kahraman olarak “maddi ve manevi destek” gereksinimleri göz ardı edilebilmektedir. Pandemi gibi kriz dönemlerinde hemşirelerin ağır çalışma koşullarından kaynaklanan hassasiyetleri dikkate alınmalı ve hemşireler fiziksel, maddi ve manevi olarak desteklenmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afet, COVİD 19, hemşire, kahraman, medya, kahramanlık olgusu

Etik Beyan

Evet

Destekleyen Kurum

Hayır

Teşekkür

Araştırmada yer alarak katkı sağlayan hemşirelere teşekkür ederiz.

Occupational Visibility of COVID- 19 Disaster Heroes: Analysis from the Sample of Nurse

Öz

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic, which led to an urgent public health problem, is a biological disaster that had a global impact. This study aimed to examine the views of the nurses on the "superhero" discourse in the media in this disaster.

Methods: The phenomenological research method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. The research was carried out between February – April 2022 with 23 nurses working in intensive care clinics.

Results: In this study, the views of nurses who worked in the intensive care unit during the COVID-19 pandemic on the "superhero" discourse in the media were investigated under the themes of rise of heroism (being noticed, heroic discourse for higher efficiency, forced hero) invisibility of heroism (invisibility before the pandemic, invisibility during the pandemic) and death of heroism (the applause, I'm real… not a toy) . The findings of the study revealed that the contribution of nursing to the health system is a little more visible in crisis conditions such as pandemic.

Conclusion: The visibility that emerges as "heroism" or "superheroism", the vulnerability of nurses as human beings is ignored. This “professional invisibility and heroic visibility” emerges as a paradox, and nursing either becomes “invisible” as a profession or the needs of nurses for “material and moral support” as heroes can be ignored. During crisis periods such as pandemic, the vulnerability of nurses resulting from heavy working conditions should be taken into account and nurses should be supported physically, financially and morally.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Disaster, Hero, Media, Nurse, Phenomenon of heroism

Etik Beyan

Yes

Destekleyen Kurum

No

Teşekkür

We would like to thank the nurses who contributed by taking part in the research

Kaynakça

• 1. World Health Organization (WHO). Disaster & Emergencies Definitions Package. https://apps.who.int/disaster/repo/7656.pdf 2002. Accessed August 15, 2022.
• 2. Tercan B. Biological disasters and COVID-19. JOPEHS. 2020;1(1):41-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1141355
• 3. International Council of Nurses. https://www.icn.ch/news/icn-says-115000-healthcare-worker-deaths-covid-19-exposes-collective-failure-leaders-protect.2021. Accessed August 15, 2022.
• 4. Einboden R. SuperNurse? Troubling the hero discourse in COVID times. Health. 2020;24(4):343-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363459320934280
• 5. Morin KH, Baptiste D. Nurses as heroes, warriors and political activists. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(15-16):2733-2733. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15353
• 6. Winkelstein JW. Florence Nightingale: founder of modern nursing and hospital epidemiology. Epidemiology. 2009;20(2):311. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181935ad6
• 7. Gören ŞY, Yalım NY. A pioneer in the history of nursing “Safiye Hüseyin Elbi”. Lokman Hekim Journal. 2016;6(2):38-45. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/mutftd/issue/43177/523722
• 8. Mohammed S, Peter E, Killackey T, Maciver J. The “nurse as hero” discourse in the COVID-19 pandemic: A poststructural discourse analysis. IJNS. 2021;117:103887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103887
• 9. Stokes‐Parish J, Elliott R, Rolls K, Massey D. Angels and heroes: The unintended consequence of the hero narrative. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2020;52(5):462-466. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12591
• 10. Halberg N, Jensen PS, Larsen TS. We are not heroes—The flipside of the hero narrative amidst the COVID19‐pandemic: A Danish hospital ethnography. J Adv Nurs. 2021;77(5): 2429-2436. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14811
• 11. Abuhammad S, AlAzzam M, Mukattash T. The perception of nurses towards their roles during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75:e13919. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13919
• 12. Aydın M, Aydın Avci İ, Kulakaç Ö. Nurses as the leading fighters during the COVID-19 pandemic: Self-transcendence. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(4):802-818. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330211065848
• 13. Creswell J, Poth C. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches. Health Promot Pract. 2015;(16):473–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399155809
• 14. Polit D, Beck CT. Essentials of nursing research, appraising evidence for nursing practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.2018.
• 15. Matua GA, Van Der Wal DM. Differentiating between descriptive and interpretive phenomenological research approaches. Nurse Res 2015;22(6):22-27. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.22.6.22.e1344
• 16. Tong A, Sainsbury P, Craig J. Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups. Int Journal Quality Health Care. 2007;19:349–357. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzm042
• 17. Colaizzi PF. Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it R.S. Valle, M. King (Eds.), Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology, Oxford University Press, New York. 1978; 48-71.
• 18. Yaşar M. The Problem of Quality in Qualitative Research. MSKU Journal of Education. 2018;5(2):55-73. https://doi.org/10.21666/muefd.426318
• 19. Plummer-D'Amato P. Focus group methodology Part 1: Considerations for design. IJTR. 2013;15(2):69-73. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2008.15.2.28189
• 20. Turkish Language Association. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ 15.08.2022
• 21. Cox CL. ‘Healthcare Heroes’: problems with media focus on heroism from healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. JME. 2020;46(8):510-513. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106398
• 22. Jiang L, Broome ME, Ning C. The performance and professionalism of nurses in the fight against the new outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic is laudable. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;107:103578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103578
• 23. Foà C, Bertuol M, Baronchelli E, et al. The influence of media representations on citizens' perceptions towards nurses: a comparison between before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta BioMed. 2021;92(2):1-13. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v92iS2.12614
• 24. Gündüz CS, Bilgiç G, Durmuş A, et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nursing image in society: a cross-sectional study. Turkiye Klinikleri J Nurs Sci. 2023;15(4):1114-1121. https://doi.org/10.5336/nurses.2023-96324
• 25. Hypotheses. Learning From Corona. Superheroes in the Hospital? https://hccd.hypotheses.org/1033. Accessed June 29, 2020.
• 26. Akkuş Y, Karacan Y, Güney R, Kurt B. Experiences of nurses working with COVID‐19 patients: A qualitative study. JCN. 2022;31(9-10):1243-1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15979
• 27. Lancet T. COVID-19: protecting health-care workers. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10228):922. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30644-9
• 28. Stokes-Parish J, Barrett D, Elliott R, et al. Fallen angels and forgotten heroes: A descriptive qualitative study exploring the impact of the angel and hero narrative on critical care nurses. Aust Crit Care. 2023;36(1):3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2022.11.008
• 29. McDonald T. Speak truth to power and consolidate the nursing visibility gained during COVID‐19. Int Nurs Rev. 2022;69:255–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12760
• 30. Hoeve YT, Jansen G, Roodbol P. The nursing profession: Public image, self‐concept and professional identity. A discussion paper. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70(2):295-309. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12177
• 31. Jinxia JIANG, Xiaoping ZHU, Haiyan SHAO, Changcui, QIU. A qualitative study on nursing experience of volunteer nurses from Shanghai to patients with COVID-19. OHER. 2021;39(1):103-106. https://doi.org/10.16369/j.oher.issn.1007-1326.2021.01.022
• 32. Barrett D, Heale R. COVID-19: reflections on its impact on nursing. EBN. 2021;24(4):112-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2021-103464
• 33. Kök M, Ergezen FD, Hakbilen HG, et al. COVID-19 against humanity: The experiences of frontline nurses and physicians working in COVID-19 wards. TJHSL 2023;6(2):83-91 https://doi.org/10.56150/tjhsl.1266088
• 34. Daniel Z. Economists and nurses call for medical heroes to be rewarded with increased wages. Live Blog ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-25/calls-to-reward-medicalheroes-with-increased. 2020 Accessed May 24, 2020.
• 35. McAllister M, Lee Brien D, Dean S. The problem with the superhero narrative during COVID-19. Contemporary Nurse 2020;56(3):199-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2020.1827964