Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 , 20 - 25 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431
https://izlik.org/JA24PR37CS

Öz

Objective: To synthesize the prevalence, causes, and clinical management strategies of false-positive results in HIV screening tests prior to elective orthopedic surgery in low-prevalence settings. Methods: A selective literature review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering publications from 2000 to the present. Approximately 30 sources were examined, with priority given to cohort studies, retrospective analyses, and current guideline documents (CDC, WHO) reporting screening results prior to elective surgery. Results: In low-prevalence settings, false-positive rates range from 0.11% to 0.67%, consistent with the 0.4%–1.3% range reported in general populations. Primary causes include limited specificity of fourth-generation immunoassays, biological cross-reactivity (e.g., EBV, CMV, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, vaccinations, post-COVID-19 immune alterations), technical errors, and patient-specific factors relevant to orthopedic populations (rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation, advanced age, anti-inflammatory medications). Clinical consequences encompass patient anxiety and stigma, surgical delays, additional costs, and disruptions in healthcare workers' risk perception. Confirmation strategies involve rapid HIV RNA NAT (PCR) within two- or three-test algorithms (adapted from CDC/WHO guidelines); surgery proceeds without delay when NAT is negative. Conclusion: Although false-positive HIV screening results are infrequent in elective orthopedic surgery, they can be effectively managed through multidisciplinary approaches, rapid confirmation processes, and patient-centered counseling. Rationalizing screening policies in low-prevalence environments—via risk-based approaches, institutional monitoring of false-positive rates, and staff training—will safeguard patient safety, maintain surgical continuity, and enhance healthcare system efficiency. Future prospective studies specific to orthopedic surgery are needed to further validate the effectiveness of these strategies.

Kaynakça

  • Aidsmap. False positive results on HIV tests. London: NAM/aidsmap; 2024. Available from: https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/false-positive-results-hiv-tests
  • Al Muteri, T. (2025). Psychological Impact of False-Positive Results in Obstetric Screening: A Systematic Review. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 52(5), 26696. https://doi.org/10.31083/CEOG26696. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC). HIV testing: false positives and cross-reactivity. Vancouver: BCCDC; 2026 (updated guidelines). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV stigma and discrimination. Atlanta: CDC; 2024.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. Atlanta: CDC; 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated HIV testing algorithm: 2018 recommendations. Atlanta: CDC; 2018.
  • Elsner, C., Appeltrath, G. A., Konik, M., Parreuter, J., Broecker-Preuss, M., Krawczyk, A., ... & Karsten, C. B. (2023). False-positive screening and confirmatory HIV diagnostic test in a patient with cured SARS-CoV-2 infection is not mediated by Env/Spike cross-reactive antibodies. Viruses, 15(5), 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051161
  • HIVguidelines.org. Perioperative management of people with HIV. New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute; 2024.
  • Klimik Derneği. HIV/AIDS El Kitabı. İstanbul: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği; 2023.
  • Lin, Y. Q., Gao, Y. L., Wang, M., Yan, S. D., & Lin, L. R. (2022). Analysis of the characteristics of patients with false-positive HIV screening assay results. International Immunopharmacology, 105, 108556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108556
  • Salih, R. Q., Salih, G. A., Abdulla, B. A., Ahmed, A. D., Mohammed, H. R., Kakamad, F. H., & Salih, A. M. (2021). False-positive HIV in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection; a case report. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 71. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103027
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. HIV/AIDS Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2019
  • Weldetekle, H., Teka, H., Gidey, H., Sharew, A., Gebremeskel, M., Tafere, R. M., & Berhe, H. (2025). Magnitude and determinants of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among physicians in a teaching hospital in northern Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 10853. | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95301-6
  • World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services: 5Cs and beyond. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
  • World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on HIV testing services in low-prevalence settings. Geneva: WHO; 2024.
  • Zhang, H., Wang, J., Liu, X., Li, X., Zeng, X., Luo, Q., & Zhong, J. (2025). False-Positive Results in Fourth-Generation HIV Screening Tests: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Sichuan, a High-HIV-Burden Province of China. Journal of Clinical Virology, 105831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105831

Elektif Ortopedik Cerrahi Öncesi HIV Tarama Testlerinde Yalancı Pozitif Sonuçlar: Sıklık, Nedenler ve Klinik Yönetim Stratejileri

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 , 20 - 25 , 30.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431
https://izlik.org/JA24PR37CS

Öz

Amaç: Elektif ortopedik cerrahi öncesi HIV tarama testlerinde yalancı pozitif sonuçların sıklığını, nedenlerini ve klinik yönetim stratejilerini düşük prevalanslı ortamlarda sentezlemek. Yöntem: PubMed, Scopus ve Web of Science veritabanlarında 2000 yılından günümüze kadar yapılan seçici literatür taraması ile yaklaşık 30 kaynak incelenmiş; elektif cerrahi öncesi tarama sonuçlarını rapor eden kohort çalışmaları, retrospektif analizler ve güncel rehberler (CDC, WHO) önceliklendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Düşük prevalanslı ortamlarda yalancı pozitif oranları %0.11–0.67 arasında değişmekte olup, genel popülasyonda %0.4–1.3 aralığı ile uyumludur. Başlıca nedenler; dördüncü nesil immünoanalizlerin özgüllük sınırlılıkları, biyolojik çapraz reaktivite (EBV, CMV, otoimmün hastalıklar, gebelik, aşılar, COVID-19 sonrası immün değişiklikler), teknik hatalar ve ortopedik hasta grubuna özgü faktörler (romatoid artrit, kronik enflamasyon, yaşlılık, anti-enflamatuar ilaçlar) olarak belirlenmiştir. Klinik etkileri arasında hasta anksiyetesi/stigma, cerrahi gecikmeleri, ek maliyetler ve sağlık çalışanlarında risk algısı bozulması yer alır. Doğrulama stratejileri; hızlı HIV RNA NAT (PCR) ile iki- veya üç-test algoritmaları (CDC/WHO rehberlerine uyarlanmış) olup, NAT negatif çıkması durumunda cerrahi ertelenmeden devam ettirilmektedir. Sonuç: Elektif ortopedik cerrahide yalancı pozitif HIV tarama sonuçları az görülmekle birlikte, multidisipliner yaklaşım, hızlı doğrulama süreçleri ve hasta merkezli danışmanlık ile etkin biçimde yönetilebilir. Düşük prevalanslı ortamlarda tarama politikalarının rasyonelleştirilmesi (risk temelli yaklaşımlar, kurumsal oranların izlenmesi ve personel eğitimi) hasta güvenliğini korurken cerrahi süreçlerin sürekliliğini ve sağlık sisteminin verimliliğini artıracaktır. İleri çalışmalar, ortopedik cerrahiye özgü prospektif verilerle bu stratejilerin etkinliğini ortaya koymalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Aidsmap. False positive results on HIV tests. London: NAM/aidsmap; 2024. Available from: https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/false-positive-results-hiv-tests
  • Al Muteri, T. (2025). Psychological Impact of False-Positive Results in Obstetric Screening: A Systematic Review. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 52(5), 26696. https://doi.org/10.31083/CEOG26696. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC). HIV testing: false positives and cross-reactivity. Vancouver: BCCDC; 2026 (updated guidelines). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV stigma and discrimination. Atlanta: CDC; 2024.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. Atlanta: CDC; 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated HIV testing algorithm: 2018 recommendations. Atlanta: CDC; 2018.
  • Elsner, C., Appeltrath, G. A., Konik, M., Parreuter, J., Broecker-Preuss, M., Krawczyk, A., ... & Karsten, C. B. (2023). False-positive screening and confirmatory HIV diagnostic test in a patient with cured SARS-CoV-2 infection is not mediated by Env/Spike cross-reactive antibodies. Viruses, 15(5), 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051161
  • HIVguidelines.org. Perioperative management of people with HIV. New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute; 2024.
  • Klimik Derneği. HIV/AIDS El Kitabı. İstanbul: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği; 2023.
  • Lin, Y. Q., Gao, Y. L., Wang, M., Yan, S. D., & Lin, L. R. (2022). Analysis of the characteristics of patients with false-positive HIV screening assay results. International Immunopharmacology, 105, 108556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108556
  • Salih, R. Q., Salih, G. A., Abdulla, B. A., Ahmed, A. D., Mohammed, H. R., Kakamad, F. H., & Salih, A. M. (2021). False-positive HIV in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection; a case report. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 71. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103027
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı. HIV/AIDS Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2019
  • Weldetekle, H., Teka, H., Gidey, H., Sharew, A., Gebremeskel, M., Tafere, R. M., & Berhe, H. (2025). Magnitude and determinants of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among physicians in a teaching hospital in northern Ethiopia. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 10853. | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95301-6
  • World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services: 5Cs and beyond. Geneva: WHO; 2023.
  • World Health Organization. Updated recommendations on HIV testing services in low-prevalence settings. Geneva: WHO; 2024.
  • Zhang, H., Wang, J., Liu, X., Li, X., Zeng, X., Luo, Q., & Zhong, J. (2025). False-Positive Results in Fourth-Generation HIV Screening Tests: Prevalence and Associated Factors in Sichuan, a High-HIV-Burden Province of China. Journal of Clinical Virology, 105831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105831
Toplam 13 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ortopedi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Aylin Uğurlu 0009-0003-2770-4745

Hilal Kart Bu kişi benim 0009-0001-7244-0641

Hülya Koçyiğit Akyüz Bu kişi benim 0009-0004-3899-6410

Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Şubat 2026
Kabul Tarihi 16 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431
IZ https://izlik.org/JA24PR37CS
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uğurlu, A., Kart, H., & Koçyiğit Akyüz, H. (2026). False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies. Journal of Baltalimanı, 2(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431