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False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies

Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 30 Mart 2026
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False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies

Öz

Objective: To synthesize the prevalence, causes, and clinical management strategies of false-positive results in HIV screening tests prior to elective orthopedic surgery in low-prevalence settings. Methods: A selective literature review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, covering publications from 2000 to the present. Approximately 30 sources were examined, with priority given to cohort studies, retrospective analyses, and current guideline documents (CDC, WHO) reporting screening results prior to elective surgery. Results: In low-prevalence settings, false-positive rates range from 0.11% to 0.67%, consistent with the 0.4%–1.3% range reported in general populations. Primary causes include limited specificity of fourth-generation immunoassays, biological cross-reactivity (e.g., EBV, CMV, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy, vaccinations, post-COVID-19 immune alterations), technical errors, and patient-specific factors relevant to orthopedic populations (rheumatoid arthritis, chronic inflammation, advanced age, anti-inflammatory medications). Clinical consequences encompass patient anxiety and stigma, surgical delays, additional costs, and disruptions in healthcare workers' risk perception. Confirmation strategies involve rapid HIV RNA NAT (PCR) within two- or three-test algorithms (adapted from CDC/WHO guidelines); surgery proceeds without delay when NAT is negative. Conclusion: Although false-positive HIV screening results are infrequent in elective orthopedic surgery, they can be effectively managed through multidisciplinary approaches, rapid confirmation processes, and patient-centered counseling. Rationalizing screening policies in low-prevalence environments—via risk-based approaches, institutional monitoring of false-positive rates, and staff training—will safeguard patient safety, maintain surgical continuity, and enhance healthcare system efficiency. Future prospective studies specific to orthopedic surgery are needed to further validate the effectiveness of these strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Aidsmap. False positive results on HIV tests. London: NAM/aidsmap; 2024. Available from: https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/false-positive-results-hiv-tests
  2. Al Muteri, T. (2025). Psychological Impact of False-Positive Results in Obstetric Screening: A Systematic Review. Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology, 52(5), 26696. https://doi.org/10.31083/CEOG26696. British Columbia Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC). HIV testing: false positives and cross-reactivity. Vancouver: BCCDC; 2026 (updated guidelines). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV stigma and discrimination. Atlanta: CDC; 2024.
  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations. Atlanta: CDC; 2018. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated HIV testing algorithm: 2018 recommendations. Atlanta: CDC; 2018.
  4. Elsner, C., Appeltrath, G. A., Konik, M., Parreuter, J., Broecker-Preuss, M., Krawczyk, A., ... & Karsten, C. B. (2023). False-positive screening and confirmatory HIV diagnostic test in a patient with cured SARS-CoV-2 infection is not mediated by Env/Spike cross-reactive antibodies. Viruses, 15(5), 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15051161
  5. HIVguidelines.org. Perioperative management of people with HIV. New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute; 2024.
  6. Klimik Derneği. HIV/AIDS El Kitabı. İstanbul: Türk Klinik Mikrobiyoloji ve İnfeksiyon Hastalıkları Derneği; 2023.
  7. Lin, Y. Q., Gao, Y. L., Wang, M., Yan, S. D., & Lin, L. R. (2022). Analysis of the characteristics of patients with false-positive HIV screening assay results. International Immunopharmacology, 105, 108556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108556
  8. Salih, R. Q., Salih, G. A., Abdulla, B. A., Ahmed, A. D., Mohammed, H. R., Kakamad, F. H., & Salih, A. M. (2021). False-positive HIV in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection; a case report. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 71. . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103027

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Ortopedi

Bölüm

Derleme

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

12 Şubat 2026

Kabul Tarihi

16 Mart 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Uğurlu, A., Kart, H., & Koçyiğit Akyüz, H. (2026). False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies. Journal of Baltalimanı, 2(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431
AMA
1.Uğurlu A, Kart H, Koçyiğit Akyüz H. False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies. JoB. 2026;2(1):20-25. doi:10.5281/zenodo.19047431
Chicago
Uğurlu, Aylin, Hilal Kart, ve Hülya Koçyiğit Akyüz. 2026. “False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies”. Journal of Baltalimanı 2 (1): 20-25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431.
EndNote
Uğurlu A, Kart H, Koçyiğit Akyüz H (01 Mart 2026) False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies. Journal of Baltalimanı 2 1 20–25.
IEEE
[1]A. Uğurlu, H. Kart, ve H. Koçyiğit Akyüz, “False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies”, JoB, c. 2, sy 1, ss. 20–25, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.19047431.
ISNAD
Uğurlu, Aylin - Kart, Hilal - Koçyiğit Akyüz, Hülya. “False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies”. Journal of Baltalimanı 2/1 (01 Mart 2026): 20-25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19047431.
JAMA
1.Uğurlu A, Kart H, Koçyiğit Akyüz H. False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies. JoB. 2026;2:20–25.
MLA
Uğurlu, Aylin, vd. “False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies”. Journal of Baltalimanı, c. 2, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 20-25, doi:10.5281/zenodo.19047431.
Vancouver
1.Aylin Uğurlu, Hilal Kart, Hülya Koçyiğit Akyüz. False-Positive Results in HIV Screening Tests Prior to Elective Orthopedic Surgery: Prevalence, Causes, and Clinical Management Strategies. JoB. 01 Mart 2026;2(1):20-5. doi:10.5281/zenodo.19047431