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A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note

Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3 30 Eylül 2026
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A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note

Öz

Objective: To develop an end-to-end, low-cost system that simultaneously acquires electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals, computes heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) metrics (SDNN, RMSSD), and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and enables direct comparison of electrical versus optical methods while generating a custom dataset. Methods: An Arduino Nano Matter microcontroller was interfaced with a DFRobot SEN0213 ECG module (three-electrode configuration) and a MAX30102 PPG/SpO2 sensor. Raw signals were streamed via serial communication to a host computer. A custom software pipeline performed preprocessing, peak detection (R-peaks for ECG, pulse peaks for PPG), calculation of HR/SDNN/RMSSD/SpO2, real-time dashboard visualization, and session-based data logging to build a personal dataset. Results: In a representative 10-minute resting recording, mean HR was identical between methods (96 BPM for both ECG and PPG). SDNN values were closely matched (107 ms ECG vs 109 ms PPG), while RMSSD showed a modest difference (170 ms ECG vs 192 ms PPG). Mean SpO2 was 95%. Short recordings exhibited larger transient HR discrepancies that diminished with longer acquisition duration. Conclusion: The system successfully demonstrates simultaneous dual-modality acquisition and comparative analysis of ECG- and PPG-derived cardiac parameters. It provides a practical educational and prototyping platform for biomedical signal processing and digital health applications. The device is not intended for clinical diagnosis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Allen, J. (2007). Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement. Physiological Measurement, 28(3), R1 R39. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967 3334/28/3/R01
  2. Arduino. (n.d.). Arduino Nano Matter documentation. https://docs.arduino.cc/
  3. Coste, A., Millour, G., & Hausswirth, C. (2025). A comparative study between ECG and PPG based heart rate sensors for heart rate variability measurements: Influence of body position, duration, sex, and age. Sensors, 25(18), Article 5745. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185745
  4. Dewig, H. G., Cohen, J. N., Renaghan, E. J., Leary, M. E., Leary, B. K., Au, J. S., & Tenan, M. S. (2024). Are wearable photoplethysmogram based heart rate variability measures equivalent to electrocardiogram? A simulation study. Sports Medicine, 54(11), 2927 2934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279 024 02066 5
  5. DFRobot. (n.d.). SEN0213 Heart Rate Monitor Sensor. Product documentation. Dündar, Ö. M., & Aydın, A. (2021). Sporcuların kalp atım hızının ESP NOW kullanılarak kablosuz iletimi. *Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 9*(3), 633 646. https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.879392
  6. Flores, G., Monteiro, D., Silva, F., & Duarte Mendes, P. (2024). Heart rate variability activity in soccer athletes after a musculoskeletal injury. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 56, 24969
  7. Gitler, A., Levine, A. D., Ayub, A. E. A., Munteanu, A. G., Ben Lulu, O., & Gidron, Y. (2024). Preoperative vagal activity predicts clinical outcomes after total knee replacement. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28(4), 393. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12682
  8. Kantrowitz, A. B., Ben David, K., Morris, M., Wittels, H. L., Wishon, M. J., McDonald, S. M., Renaghan, E. J., Feigenbaum, L. A., & Wittels, S. H. (2025). Pulse rate variability is not the same as heart rate variability: Findings from a large, diverse clinical population study. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, Article 1630032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1630032

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)

Bölüm

Teknik Not

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

3 Eylül 2026

Kabul Tarihi

16 Eylül 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Türkoğlu, İ., & Deveci, A. (2026). A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note. Journal of Baltalimanı, 2(3), 81-85. https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX
AMA
1.Türkoğlu İ, Deveci A. A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note. JoB. 2026;2(3):81-85. https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX
Chicago
Türkoğlu, İrem, ve Ahmet Deveci. 2026. “A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note”. Journal of Baltalimanı 2 (3): 81-85. https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX.
EndNote
Türkoğlu İ, Deveci A (01 Eylül 2026) A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note. Journal of Baltalimanı 2 3 81–85.
IEEE
[1]İ. Türkoğlu ve A. Deveci, “A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note”, JoB, c. 2, sy 3, ss. 81–85, Eyl. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX
ISNAD
Türkoğlu, İrem - Deveci, Ahmet. “A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note”. Journal of Baltalimanı 2/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 81-85. https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX.
JAMA
1.Türkoğlu İ, Deveci A. A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note. JoB. 2026;2:81–85.
MLA
Türkoğlu, İrem, ve Ahmet Deveci. “A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note”. Journal of Baltalimanı, c. 2, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 81-85, https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX.
Vancouver
1.İrem Türkoğlu, Ahmet Deveci. A Low-Cost Real-Time ECG and PPG Comparative Analysis System for Heart Rate, HRV, and SpO2 Measurement: A Technical Note. JoB [Internet]. 01 Eylül 2026;2(3):81-5. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA86DT35CX