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Gelişmekte Olan Ekonomilerde ve Türkiye’de Sistemik Banka Krizleri: Karşılaştırmalı Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2024, , 1 - 18, 15.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.55026/jobaf.1400339

Öz

Bu çalışmada, sistemik banka krizleri incelenmiş, seçilmiş üst orta gelir grubundaki gelişmekte olan ekonomiler ve Türkiye’de sistemik banka krizleri ekonometrik olarak analiz edilmiştir. 1980-2022 dönemini kapsayan yıllık verilerden oluşan iki örneklem kullanılmıştır. İlk örneklemde, Dünya Bankası sınıflandırmasında üst orta gelir grubunda yer alan ve örneklem döneminde iki veya daha fazla sistemik bankacılık krizi yaşanmış aralarında Türkiye’nin de olduğu yedi ülkenin verileri bulunmaktadır. İkinci örneklemde ise, aynı dönem için sadece Türkiye’ye dair veriler yer almaktadır. İlk örneklemdeki veriler panel probit, ikinci örneklemdeki veriler ise probit yöntemiyle analiz edilerek, sistemik banka krizleri üzerinde kredilerdeki mutlak değişimin, büyüme hızı ve enflasyonun etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular hem gelişmekte olan ülkelerde hem de Türkiye’de kredilerin GSYİH’ye oranındaki mutlak değişmelerin sistemik banka krizlerini güçlü şekilde açıkladığını, bu ilişkinin Türkiye’de daha güçlü olduğunu göstermiştir. Diğer yandan, büyüme hızındaki düşüşlerin ve enflasyon oranlarındaki artışların sistemik banka krizi olasılığını güçlendirdiği de belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alessandri, P., Bologna, P. ve Galardo, M. (2022). Financial crises, macroprudential policy and the reliability of credit‑to‑GDP gaps. IMF Economic Review, 70, 625-667. (https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-022-00168-6).
  • Alessandri, P., Pierluigi B., Roberta F., ve Enrico S.. (2015). A note on the implementation of the countercyclical capital buffer in Italy. Bank of Italy Occasional Paper, 25 (278), 38.
  • Alessi, L. ve Detken, C. (2018). Identifying excessive credit growth and leverage. Journal of Financial Stability, 35, 215–225.
  • Arı, A. ve Özkeskin, N. (2016). Türkiye’de bankacılık krizlerinin nedenleri: Ekonometrik bir yaklaşım. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 53(622), 45-60.
  • Audit, D. ve Alam, N. (2022). Why have credit variables taken centre stage in predicting systemic banking crises? Latin American Journal of Central Banking, 3, 100047.
  • Belkhir, M., Naceur, S. B., Candelon, B., ve Wijnandts, J. C. (2022). Macroprudential policies, economic growth and banking crises. Emerging Markets Review, 53, 100936.
  • Borio, C. ve Lowe, P. (2002b). Assessing the risk of banking crises. BIS Quarterly Review, December, 43–54.
  • Borio, C. ve Lowe, P. (2002a). Asset prices, financial and monetary stability: exploring the nexus. BIS Working Papers, No. 114, July.
  • Bouvatier, V., Delatte, A. L., ve Rehault, P. N. (2022). Measuring credit procyclicality: a new database. Emerging Markets Review, 52, 100913.
  • Caprio, G. ve Klingebiel, D. (2001). Episodes of systemic and borderline financial crises. World Bank database. Cardot-Martin, R., Labondance, F. ve Refait-Alexandre, C. (2022). Capital ratios and banking crises in the European Union. International Economics, 172, 389-402.
  • Casabianca, E. J., Catalano, M., Forni, L., Giarda, E., ve Passeri, S. (2022). A machine learning approach to rank the determinants of banking crises over time and across countries. Journal of International Money and Finance, 129, 102739.
  • Cergibozan, R. ve Arı, A. (2017). Türkiye’de banka krizlerine yönelik ekonometrik bir yaklaşım: Markov rejim değişim modeli. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 39(1), 47-64. (http://dx.doi.org/0.14780/muiibd.329728)
  • Cerutti, E., Claessens, S., ve McGuire, P. (2012). Systemic risks in global banking: What can available data tell us and what more data are needed? BIS Working Papers, No. 376, April.
  • Claessens, S. (2014). An overview of macroprudential policy tools. IMF Working Paper, No. WP/14/214, December. Crowe, C., Dell’Ariccia, G., Igan, D., ve Rabanal, P., (2013). How to deal with real estate booms: lessons from country experiences. Journal of Financial Stability, 9, 300–319.
  • Davis, E. P. ve Karim, D. (2008a). Could early warning systems help to predict the sub-prime crisis? National Institute Economic Review, No. 206, 35-47.
  • Davis, E. P. ve Karim, D. (2008b). Comparing early warning systems for banking crises. Journal of Financial Stability, 4(2), 89–120.
  • De Bonis, R. ve Silverstini, A. (2013). The Italian Financial Cycle: 1861-2011. Banca de Italia, Working Papers, No: 936, October.
  • Dell’Ariccia, G., Igan, D., Laeven, L., Tong, H., Bakker, B. ve Vandenbussche, J. (2012). Policies for macrofinancial stability: How to deal with credit booms. IMF Staff Discussion Note, No. SDN/12/06, June.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Detragiache, E. (1998). The determinants of banking crises in developing and developed countries. IMF Staff Paper, 45(1), 81-109.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Detragiache, E. (2005). Cross-country empirical studies of systemic bank distress: a survey. National Institute Economic Review, 192(1), 68–83.
  • Detken, C., Weeken, O., Alessi, L., Bonfim, D., Boucinha, M.M., Castro, C., Frontczack, S., Giodarna, G., Giese, J., Jahn, N., Kakes, J., Klaus, B., Lang, J.H., Puzanova, N. ve Welz, P. (2014). Operationalising the countercyclical capital buffer: indicator selection, threshold identification and calibration options. European Central Bank Occasional Paper Series, No. 5, June.
  • Diamond, D. W. ve Dybvig, P. H., (1983). Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity. Journal of Political Economy, 91(3), 401–419.
  • Dobler, M., Moretti, M. ve Piris, A. (2020). Managing systemic banking crises: New lessons and lessons relearned. IMF Monetary and Capital Markets Department Papers, No. 20/05.
  • Drehmann, M., Borio, C. ve Tsatsaronis, K. (2011). Anchoring countercyclical capital buffers: The role of credit aggregates. International Journal of Central Banking, 7(4), 189–240.
  • Drehmann, M., Borio, C., Gambacorta, L., Jimenez, G. ve Trucharte, C. (2010). Countercyclical capital buffers: Exploring options. BIS Working Paper Series, No. 317, July. (https://www.bis.org/publ/work317.htm)
  • Du Plessis, E. (2022a). Dynamic forecasting of banking crises with a Qual VAR. Journal of Applied Economics, 25(1), 477-503. (https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2020.1816132)
  • Du Plessis, E. (2022b). Multinomial modeling methods: Predicting four decades of international banking crises. Economic Systems, 46, 100979.
  • Duttagupta, R. ve Cashin, P. (2011). Anatomy of banking crises in developing and emerging market countries. Journal of International Money Finance, 30 (2), 354–376.
  • Edge, R.M. ve Meisenzahl, R.R. (2011a). The unreliability of credit-to-GDP ratio gaps in real-time and the implications for countercyclical capital buffers. Norges Bank Konferanser, 06.09.2011. (https://www.norges-bank.no/globalassets/upload/konferanser/2011-06-09/edge.pdf)
  • Edge, R.M. ve Meisenzahl, R.R. (2011b). The unreliability of credit-to-GDP ratio gaps in real-time and the implications for countercyclical capital buffers. International Journal of Central Banking, 7(4), 261-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1956719
  • Eijffinger, S. C.W. ve Karataş, B. (2023). Three sisters: The interlinkage between sovereign debt, currency, and banking crises. Journal of International Money and Finance, 131, 102798.
  • Farrell, G. (2014). Countercyclical capital buffers and real time credit-to GDP gap estimates: A South African perspective. MRPA Papers, No: 55368, April.
  • Fırat, E. (2010). Türkiye’de yaşanan Kasım 2000 ve Şubat 2001 krizlerinin bankacılık sektörü üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirmesi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 47(547), 97-114.
  • Gersl, A. ve Seidler, J. (2011). Excessive credit growth as an indicator of financial (in)stability and its use in macroprudential policy. Chzech National Bank Financial Stability Report, No. 2010/2011, 112-122.
  • Kale, S. ve Eken, M. H. (2017). Türk bankacılığında krizler ve çıkarılan dersler. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(5), 11-23.
  • Kaminsky, G. L. ve Reinhart, C. M., (1999). The twin crises: the causes of banking and balance of payments problems. American Economic Review, 89(3), 473–500.
  • Kelly, R., McQuinn, K. ve Stuart, R. (2013). Exploring the steady state relationship between credit and GDP for a small open economy: The case of Ireland. ECB WorkingPapers, No: 1531, April.
  • Klingebiel, D. ve Laeven, L. (2002). Managing the real and fiscal effects of banking crises. World Bank Discussion Papers, No. 428, January.
  • Laeven, L. ve Valencia, F. (2018). Systemic banking crises revisited. IMF Working Papers, No. WP/18/206, September.
  • Montagna, M., Torri, G., ve Covi, G. (2020). On the origin of systemic risk. ECB Working Paper Series, No. 2502, December.
  • Nguyen, T.C., Castro, V., ve Wood, J. (2021). A new comprehensive database of financial crisis: Identification, frequency and duration. SSRN Papers, No. 3830333, April.
  • Nguyen, T.C., Castro, V., ve Wood, J. (2022). A new comprehensive database of financial crisis: Identification, frequency and duration. Economic Modelling, 108, 105770.
  • Ofori-Sasu, D., Agbloyor, E. K., Kuttu, S. ve Abor, J. Y. (2022). Regulations and banking crisis: lessons from the African context. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 30(5), 618-645. (https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-09-2021-0073)
  • Ofori-Sasu, D., Agbloyor, E. K., Kuttu, S. ve Abor, J. Y. (2023). Bank lending behaviour and systemic banking crisis in Africa: The role of regulatory framework. Journal of International Development, 1-28. (https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3729).
  • Okay, E. (2002). Türk bankacılık sektöründe risk ve kriz. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1(2), 95-122.
  • Paries, D. M., Fahr, S. ve Kok, C. (2019). Macroprudential space and current policy trade-offs in the euro area. Published as part of the ECB Financial Stability Review, May, (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/financial-stability/fsr/special/html/ecb.fsrart201905_3~f3ff5a969e.en.html).
  • Roy, S. (2022). What drives the systemic banking crises in advanced economies? Global Finance Journal, 54, 100746.
  • Quintyn, M. G. ve Hoelscher, D. S. (2003). Managing systemic banking crises. International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. (https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589062245.084).
  • Sufi, A. ve Taylor, A. M. (2021). Financial crises: A survey. NBER Working Papers, No. 29155, August.
  • Tunay, K. B. (2010). Bankacılık krizleri ve erken uyarı sistemleri: Türk bankacılık sektörü için bir model önerisi. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 4(1), 9-46.
  • Tunay, K. B. (2016). Kredilerin gsyih'ye oranı açığı ve sistemik banka krizleri arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 681-697.
  • Tunay, K. B. ve Tunay, N.. (2019). Makro finansal şoklar ve banka krizlerinin etkileşimi: Türkiye örneği. Avrasya İşletme ve İktisat Dergisi, 20, 143-158. (http://dx.doi.org/10.17740/eas.econ.2019.V20-10)
  • van Norden, S. (2011). Discussion of ‘the unreliability of credit-to-GDP ratio gaps in real time: Implications for countercyclical capital buffers’. International Journal of Central Banking, 7(4), 299–303.

Systemic Banking Crises in Upper Middle Income Developing Economies and Turkey: A Comparative Econometric Analysis

Yıl 2024, , 1 - 18, 15.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.55026/jobaf.1400339

Öz

In this study, systemic bank crises were examined and systemic bank crises in selected upper middle income developing economies and Turkey were analyzed econometrically. Two samples covering the period 1980-2022 and consisting of annual data were used. The first sample includes data from seven countries including Turkey that are in the upper middle income group in the World Bank classification and experienced two or more systemic banking crises during the sample period. The second sample includes data for only Turkey for the same period. The data in the first sample were analyzed with the panel probit method, and the data in the second sample were analyzed with the probit method, and the effects of the absolute change in loans, growth rate and inflation on systemic bank crises were investigated. The findings showed that absolute changes in the ratio of loans to GDP strongly explain systemic banking crises in both developing countries and Turkey, and that this relationship is even stronger in Turkey. On the other hand, it has been determined that decreases in growth rates and increases in inflation rates strengthen the possibility of systemic banking crises.

Kaynakça

  • Alessandri, P., Bologna, P. ve Galardo, M. (2022). Financial crises, macroprudential policy and the reliability of credit‑to‑GDP gaps. IMF Economic Review, 70, 625-667. (https://doi.org/10.1057/s41308-022-00168-6).
  • Alessandri, P., Pierluigi B., Roberta F., ve Enrico S.. (2015). A note on the implementation of the countercyclical capital buffer in Italy. Bank of Italy Occasional Paper, 25 (278), 38.
  • Alessi, L. ve Detken, C. (2018). Identifying excessive credit growth and leverage. Journal of Financial Stability, 35, 215–225.
  • Arı, A. ve Özkeskin, N. (2016). Türkiye’de bankacılık krizlerinin nedenleri: Ekonometrik bir yaklaşım. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 53(622), 45-60.
  • Audit, D. ve Alam, N. (2022). Why have credit variables taken centre stage in predicting systemic banking crises? Latin American Journal of Central Banking, 3, 100047.
  • Belkhir, M., Naceur, S. B., Candelon, B., ve Wijnandts, J. C. (2022). Macroprudential policies, economic growth and banking crises. Emerging Markets Review, 53, 100936.
  • Borio, C. ve Lowe, P. (2002b). Assessing the risk of banking crises. BIS Quarterly Review, December, 43–54.
  • Borio, C. ve Lowe, P. (2002a). Asset prices, financial and monetary stability: exploring the nexus. BIS Working Papers, No. 114, July.
  • Bouvatier, V., Delatte, A. L., ve Rehault, P. N. (2022). Measuring credit procyclicality: a new database. Emerging Markets Review, 52, 100913.
  • Caprio, G. ve Klingebiel, D. (2001). Episodes of systemic and borderline financial crises. World Bank database. Cardot-Martin, R., Labondance, F. ve Refait-Alexandre, C. (2022). Capital ratios and banking crises in the European Union. International Economics, 172, 389-402.
  • Casabianca, E. J., Catalano, M., Forni, L., Giarda, E., ve Passeri, S. (2022). A machine learning approach to rank the determinants of banking crises over time and across countries. Journal of International Money and Finance, 129, 102739.
  • Cergibozan, R. ve Arı, A. (2017). Türkiye’de banka krizlerine yönelik ekonometrik bir yaklaşım: Markov rejim değişim modeli. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 39(1), 47-64. (http://dx.doi.org/0.14780/muiibd.329728)
  • Cerutti, E., Claessens, S., ve McGuire, P. (2012). Systemic risks in global banking: What can available data tell us and what more data are needed? BIS Working Papers, No. 376, April.
  • Claessens, S. (2014). An overview of macroprudential policy tools. IMF Working Paper, No. WP/14/214, December. Crowe, C., Dell’Ariccia, G., Igan, D., ve Rabanal, P., (2013). How to deal with real estate booms: lessons from country experiences. Journal of Financial Stability, 9, 300–319.
  • Davis, E. P. ve Karim, D. (2008a). Could early warning systems help to predict the sub-prime crisis? National Institute Economic Review, No. 206, 35-47.
  • Davis, E. P. ve Karim, D. (2008b). Comparing early warning systems for banking crises. Journal of Financial Stability, 4(2), 89–120.
  • De Bonis, R. ve Silverstini, A. (2013). The Italian Financial Cycle: 1861-2011. Banca de Italia, Working Papers, No: 936, October.
  • Dell’Ariccia, G., Igan, D., Laeven, L., Tong, H., Bakker, B. ve Vandenbussche, J. (2012). Policies for macrofinancial stability: How to deal with credit booms. IMF Staff Discussion Note, No. SDN/12/06, June.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Detragiache, E. (1998). The determinants of banking crises in developing and developed countries. IMF Staff Paper, 45(1), 81-109.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A. ve Detragiache, E. (2005). Cross-country empirical studies of systemic bank distress: a survey. National Institute Economic Review, 192(1), 68–83.
  • Detken, C., Weeken, O., Alessi, L., Bonfim, D., Boucinha, M.M., Castro, C., Frontczack, S., Giodarna, G., Giese, J., Jahn, N., Kakes, J., Klaus, B., Lang, J.H., Puzanova, N. ve Welz, P. (2014). Operationalising the countercyclical capital buffer: indicator selection, threshold identification and calibration options. European Central Bank Occasional Paper Series, No. 5, June.
  • Diamond, D. W. ve Dybvig, P. H., (1983). Bank runs, deposit insurance, and liquidity. Journal of Political Economy, 91(3), 401–419.
  • Dobler, M., Moretti, M. ve Piris, A. (2020). Managing systemic banking crises: New lessons and lessons relearned. IMF Monetary and Capital Markets Department Papers, No. 20/05.
  • Drehmann, M., Borio, C. ve Tsatsaronis, K. (2011). Anchoring countercyclical capital buffers: The role of credit aggregates. International Journal of Central Banking, 7(4), 189–240.
  • Drehmann, M., Borio, C., Gambacorta, L., Jimenez, G. ve Trucharte, C. (2010). Countercyclical capital buffers: Exploring options. BIS Working Paper Series, No. 317, July. (https://www.bis.org/publ/work317.htm)
  • Du Plessis, E. (2022a). Dynamic forecasting of banking crises with a Qual VAR. Journal of Applied Economics, 25(1), 477-503. (https://doi.org/10.1080/15140326.2020.1816132)
  • Du Plessis, E. (2022b). Multinomial modeling methods: Predicting four decades of international banking crises. Economic Systems, 46, 100979.
  • Duttagupta, R. ve Cashin, P. (2011). Anatomy of banking crises in developing and emerging market countries. Journal of International Money Finance, 30 (2), 354–376.
  • Edge, R.M. ve Meisenzahl, R.R. (2011a). The unreliability of credit-to-GDP ratio gaps in real-time and the implications for countercyclical capital buffers. Norges Bank Konferanser, 06.09.2011. (https://www.norges-bank.no/globalassets/upload/konferanser/2011-06-09/edge.pdf)
  • Edge, R.M. ve Meisenzahl, R.R. (2011b). The unreliability of credit-to-GDP ratio gaps in real-time and the implications for countercyclical capital buffers. International Journal of Central Banking, 7(4), 261-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1956719
  • Eijffinger, S. C.W. ve Karataş, B. (2023). Three sisters: The interlinkage between sovereign debt, currency, and banking crises. Journal of International Money and Finance, 131, 102798.
  • Farrell, G. (2014). Countercyclical capital buffers and real time credit-to GDP gap estimates: A South African perspective. MRPA Papers, No: 55368, April.
  • Fırat, E. (2010). Türkiye’de yaşanan Kasım 2000 ve Şubat 2001 krizlerinin bankacılık sektörü üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirmesi. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 47(547), 97-114.
  • Gersl, A. ve Seidler, J. (2011). Excessive credit growth as an indicator of financial (in)stability and its use in macroprudential policy. Chzech National Bank Financial Stability Report, No. 2010/2011, 112-122.
  • Kale, S. ve Eken, M. H. (2017). Türk bankacılığında krizler ve çıkarılan dersler. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(5), 11-23.
  • Kaminsky, G. L. ve Reinhart, C. M., (1999). The twin crises: the causes of banking and balance of payments problems. American Economic Review, 89(3), 473–500.
  • Kelly, R., McQuinn, K. ve Stuart, R. (2013). Exploring the steady state relationship between credit and GDP for a small open economy: The case of Ireland. ECB WorkingPapers, No: 1531, April.
  • Klingebiel, D. ve Laeven, L. (2002). Managing the real and fiscal effects of banking crises. World Bank Discussion Papers, No. 428, January.
  • Laeven, L. ve Valencia, F. (2018). Systemic banking crises revisited. IMF Working Papers, No. WP/18/206, September.
  • Montagna, M., Torri, G., ve Covi, G. (2020). On the origin of systemic risk. ECB Working Paper Series, No. 2502, December.
  • Nguyen, T.C., Castro, V., ve Wood, J. (2021). A new comprehensive database of financial crisis: Identification, frequency and duration. SSRN Papers, No. 3830333, April.
  • Nguyen, T.C., Castro, V., ve Wood, J. (2022). A new comprehensive database of financial crisis: Identification, frequency and duration. Economic Modelling, 108, 105770.
  • Ofori-Sasu, D., Agbloyor, E. K., Kuttu, S. ve Abor, J. Y. (2022). Regulations and banking crisis: lessons from the African context. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 30(5), 618-645. (https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRC-09-2021-0073)
  • Ofori-Sasu, D., Agbloyor, E. K., Kuttu, S. ve Abor, J. Y. (2023). Bank lending behaviour and systemic banking crisis in Africa: The role of regulatory framework. Journal of International Development, 1-28. (https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3729).
  • Okay, E. (2002). Türk bankacılık sektöründe risk ve kriz. İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1(2), 95-122.
  • Paries, D. M., Fahr, S. ve Kok, C. (2019). Macroprudential space and current policy trade-offs in the euro area. Published as part of the ECB Financial Stability Review, May, (https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/financial-stability/fsr/special/html/ecb.fsrart201905_3~f3ff5a969e.en.html).
  • Roy, S. (2022). What drives the systemic banking crises in advanced economies? Global Finance Journal, 54, 100746.
  • Quintyn, M. G. ve Hoelscher, D. S. (2003). Managing systemic banking crises. International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. (https://doi.org/10.5089/9781589062245.084).
  • Sufi, A. ve Taylor, A. M. (2021). Financial crises: A survey. NBER Working Papers, No. 29155, August.
  • Tunay, K. B. (2010). Bankacılık krizleri ve erken uyarı sistemleri: Türk bankacılık sektörü için bir model önerisi. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 4(1), 9-46.
  • Tunay, K. B. (2016). Kredilerin gsyih'ye oranı açığı ve sistemik banka krizleri arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 681-697.
  • Tunay, K. B. ve Tunay, N.. (2019). Makro finansal şoklar ve banka krizlerinin etkileşimi: Türkiye örneği. Avrasya İşletme ve İktisat Dergisi, 20, 143-158. (http://dx.doi.org/10.17740/eas.econ.2019.V20-10)
  • van Norden, S. (2011). Discussion of ‘the unreliability of credit-to-GDP ratio gaps in real time: Implications for countercyclical capital buffers’. International Journal of Central Banking, 7(4), 299–303.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Banka Yönetimi, Ticari Bankacılık
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

K. Batu Tunay 0000-0002-9040-5831

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunay, K. B. (2024). Gelişmekte Olan Ekonomilerde ve Türkiye’de Sistemik Banka Krizleri: Karşılaştırmalı Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Journal of Banking and Financial Research, 11(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.55026/jobaf.1400339