THE CHALLANGE OF INTEGRATING ETHICS INTO MACHINES

Yıl 2021, , 122 - 128, 30.12.2021

Gönül Kaya Özbağ

https://doi.org/10.46238/jobda.1019798

Öz

It is rather difficult to talk about machine ethics when even the ethical behavior process in human beings is not fully clarified and understood. Some defend ethical machines evidently cannot be produced because ethics is simply the voice of a human spirit and machines do not have spirits whereas some some others defend humans are a kind of machine. Whatever you believe, robots are going to have larger roles in our lives and thus researchers from different fields of expertise should discuss more often whether robots can be given moral and ethical reasoning abilities. Accordingly, to contribute to the debate, this article will address some views on machine moral and ethics and critically raise ethical challenges within them.

Anahtar Kelimeler

machine ethics, ethical principles, top-down ethical theories, bottom-up ethical theories

Kaynakça

• Allen, C., Varner, G., & Zinser, J. (2000). Prolegomena to any future artificial moral agent. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 12, 251–261.
• Anderson, M., & Anderson, S. L. 2007. Machine ethics: Creating an ethical intelligent agent. AI magazine, 28(4), 15-15. Anderson, S. L. (2011). Machine Metaethics. In M. Anderson and S. L. Anderson (Eds.), Machine Ethics, 21–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Asimov, I. (2008) The evitable conflict. In I, Robot (ed. I. Asimov), pp. 198–224. New York: Spectra.
• Awad, E., D’Souza, S., Kim, R., Schulz, J., Henrich, J., Shariff, A., et al. (2018). The Moral Machine experiment. Nature 563, 59–64 Begley Ann Marie (2005). practısıng vırtue: a challenge to the vıew that a vırtue centred approach to ethıcs lacks practıcal content, Nursing Ethics 12 (6), 623-637.
• Bilal, A., Wingreen, S., & Sharma, R. (2020). Virtue ethics as a solution to the privacy paradox and trust in emerging technologies. Proceedings of the 2020 the 3rd international conference on information science and system, 224–228.
• Bonnefon J-F, Rahwan I, Shariff A (2015) Autonomous vehicles need experimental ethics: are we ready for utilitarian cars?
• Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., and Rahwan, I. (2016). The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science 352, 1573–1576
• Boyer André & Farzaneh Faranak (2021). Towards an Ethic of Robotics, Journal of Organizational Psychology Vol. 21(3), 84-100. Colin Allen, Iva Smit, and Wendell Wallach. (2005). Artificial morality: Top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches. Ethics Inf. Technol. 7, 3 (2005), 149–155.
• De Swarte, T., Boufous, O., & Escalle, P. (2019). Artificial intelligence, ethics and human values: The cases of military drones and companion robots. Artificial Life and Robotics, 24(3), 291–296.
• Dignum, V. (2018). Ethics in artificial intelligence: Introduction to the special issue. Ethics and Information Technology, 20(1), 1–3. Faulhaber, A., Dittmer, A., Blind, F., Wächter, M., Timm, S., Sütfeld, L. R., et al. (2019). Human decisions in moral dilemmas are largely described by utilitarianism: virtual car driving study provides guidelines for autonomous driving vehicles. Sci. Eng. Ethics. 25, 399–418.
• Foot, P. (1967). The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of Double Effect. Oxford Review, 5, 5-15. Gogoll, Jan & Müller Julian F. (2017). Autonomous Cars: In Favor of a Mandatory Ethics Setting, Sci Eng Ethics 23:681–700. Gunkel, D.J.G. (2012) The Machine Question: Critical Perspectives on AI, Robots, and Ethics, The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. London, England (August 25, 2019).
• Hursthouse R. On virtue ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Hursthouse, R. (1999). On virtue ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• J. D. Greene, R. B. Sommerville, L. E. Nystrom, J. M. Darley, and J. D. Cohen (2001). An FMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science, 293(5537):2105–2108.
• Kant, I. (1983). Prolegomena, çev. İoanna Kuçuradi, Yusuf Örnek, Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları
• Kumar Koushal & Thakur G. S. Mitra (2012). I.J. Information Technology and Computer Science, 6, 57-68.
• Lin, P., Abney, K. and Bekey, G. A. (Eds). (2014). Robot Ethics: The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics. Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.
• Nath Rajakishore & Sahu Vineet (2020). The problem of machine ethics in artificial intelligence, AI & Soc 35:103–111
• Paiva, A., Mascarenhas, S. , Petisca, S., Correia, F. & Alves-Oliveira, P. (2018). Towards more humane machines: creating emotional social robots. In Sara Graça Da Silva (Ed.), New Interdisciplinary Landscapes in Morality and Emotion. (pp. 125-139). London: Routledge.
• Picard, R. (1997). Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press.
• Ramos-Galarza Carlos (2018). Moral Thought After Acquired Cerebral Damage, Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología, 27, 2, pp.63-69.
• Picard, Rosalind.W., (1997). Affective Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1997.
• Searle JR (1987). Minds and Brains without Programs, in Mindwaves: Thoughts on Intelligence, Identity and Consciousness, C. Blakemore, and S. Greenfield (ed.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
• Sütfeld, L. R., Gast, R., König, P., & Pipa, G. (2017). Using virtual reality to assess ethical decisions in road trafc scenarios: Applicability of value-of-life-based-models and infuences of time pressure. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 122.
• Tonkens Ryan, Out of character: on the creation of virtuous machines, Ethics Inf Technol (2012) 14:137–149.
• Wallach, W., and Allen, C. (2010). Moral Machines. Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Willard, D.: Renovation of the Heart: Putting on the character of Christ. Tyndale House, Cambridge (2014)