Avrupa Ekonomik ve Mali Bütünleşmesinin En Somut Hali: Avro

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 48 - 63, 30.12.2025

Dilara Sülün

https://doi.org/10.54472/jobig.1781036

Öz

Avrupa Birliği (AB), kuruluşunda sektörel bir ekonomik topluluk iken zamanla birçok alanda bütünleşmiş ve bir birlik olarak farklı entegrasyon aşamalarından geçmiştir. AB genişlemesi, yeni ülkelerin Birliğe üye olması yoluyla Birliğin yatay bütünleşmesini güçlendirmiş, Ekonomik ve Parasal Birlik politikaları ve Maastricht Antlaşması ise “Avro” kullanımına ilişkin yakınsama kriterleri ile dikey bütünleşmeyi arttırmıştır. Bu bağamda, Ekonomik ve Parasal Birlik, AB’nin bütünleşmesinin önemli bir aracı ve araştırma alanı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. 2025 itibariyle Avro’nun 26. yıl dönümü çerçevesinde, bu çalışma tek paranın aşamalarını ve AB bütünleşme politikası üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan yöntem; öncelikle ekonomik entegrasyon modellerinin teorik arka planının incelenmesi ve ardından finansal politikalar ile ilgili akademik literatür taramasını kapsamıştır. Çalışmada daha sonra tek para birimine geçişin aşamaları ile Parasal Birliğin yatay ve dikey entegrasyonu değerlendirilmiş olup, Avro’nun 2002-2024 yılları arasında AB içi ihracat büyüme oranları ile AB ülkelerindeki temel ekonomik göstergeleri incelemiştir. Bu ekonomik ve istatistiksel veri analizi hem Euro bölgesindeki hem de Euro bölgesi dışındaki ülkeleri kapsayarak, AB-27 içinde karşılaştırmalı bir değerlendirme sunmuştur. Bulgularımız, Euro kullanımının çoğu durumda "otomatik" bir avantaj veya dezavantaj sunmadığını, ancak özellikle AB'nin yakınsama kriterleri ve Avrupa entegrasyon süreci kapsamında hem mali hem de politik faydalar sağladığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avro , Avrupa Tek Senedi , Avrupa Ekonomik Bütünleşmesi , Parasal Birlik , Tek Para Birimi

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma etik kurallara uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

The Most Tangible Form of European Economic and Financial Integration: The Euro

Öz

The European Union (EU) passed through different stages of integration, expanding from an initial sectorial economic community to an integrated and unified bloc in many areas. While the enlargement of the EU strengthened the horizontal integration, Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) policies deepened the vertical integration of the Union. As the Euro celebrates its 26th year in 2025, this study assesses the Euro’s overall impact on the EU integration policy. The methodology of the study consists of examining the theoretical background of economic integration models and presents the relevant financial policies in the academic literature. The study evaluates then the stages of the single currency with the horizontal and vertical integration and examines the impact of the Euro using the 2002-2024 intra-EU export growth rates and major economic indicators in both Euro-zone and non-Euro-zone countries. The economic and statistical figures provide a comparative data within the EU-27. While our findings indicate that the use of the Euro is not an “automatic” advantage or disadvantage, it provides nevertheless both financial and political benefits and stability, especially within the EU’s convergence criteria and the European integration process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Euro , Single European Act , European Economic Integration , Monetary Union , Single Currency Unit

Etik Beyan

This paper is prepared wtihin ethical requirements.

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

Kaynakça

• Ata, D., Silahşör. S.H. (1999) Hazine Müsteşarlığı, Parasal Birlik, Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, Ankara.
• Balassa, B. (1976). Types of Economic Integration, Edited by Fritz Machlup, Economic Integration: Worldwide, Regional, Sectoral, World Bank Reprint Series: Number Sixty-nine. Reprinted from (Wiley, 1976)
• Baldwin, R. E., Di Nino, V., Fontagné, L. G., De Santis, R. A., & Taglioni, D. (2008). Study on the impact of the euro on trade and foreign direct investment. European Economic and Monetary Union Working Paper, (321).
• Baun, M. J. (1995). The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration. Political Science Quarterly, 110(4), 605–624. https://doi.org/10.2307/2151886
• Börzel, T. A., & Risse, T. (2017). From the euro to the Schengen crises: European integration theories, politicization, and identity politics. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1310281
• Dinan, D. (1994) Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community, Basingstoke and London, Macmillan/Boulder, Lynne Rienner, London.
• European Central Bank, (2023). Croatia. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/changeover/croatia/html/index.en.html (Accessed 22 August 2025).
• European Central Bank. (2025). Bulgaria to join euro area on 1 January 2026, https://www.ecb.europa.eu//press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250708~b9676a9fa8.en.html#:~:text=Today%20the%20Council%20of%20the,rate%20of%201.95583%20per%20euro. (Accessed 2 September 2025)
• European Commission (2024), Convergence Criteria for joining. https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/enlargement-euro-area/convergence-criteria-joining_en (Accessed 25 March 2024)
• European Council, (2024). International Role of the Euro. from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/international-role-euro/ (Accessed 4 September 2025)
• European Parliament, (1995). Madrid European Council 15-16 December 1995 Presidency Conclusions. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/mad1_en.htm (Accessed 15 August 2025)
• Eurostat, (2025) Intra-EU trade in goods - main features, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Intra-EU_trade_in_goods_-_main_features (Accessed 3 September 2025)
• Galati, G., & Tsatsaronis, K. (2003). The impact of the euro on Europe's financial markets. Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments, 12(3), 165-222.
• Georgieva Svrtinov, V., Gorgieva-Trajkovska, O., & Temjanovski, R. (2014). Cost and Benefits of Adopting Euro. Applied Sciences and Business Economics Journal, 1(3), 57-64.
• Grieco, J. M. (1995). The Maastricht Treaty, Economic and Monetary Union and the Neo-Realist Research Programme, Review of International Studies, 21(1), 21–40.
• Hobolt, S. B., & De Vries, C. E. (2016). Public support for European integration. Annual Review of Political Science, 19(1), 413-432.
• Kaelberer, M. (2004). The Euro and European Identity: Symbols, Power and the Politics of European Monetary Union, Review of International Studies, 30(2), 161-178.
• Micossi, S. (2020), An International Role for the Euro?. Luiss School of European Political Economy, Policy Brief 37/2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3717135
• Mundell, R. A. (1961). A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas. The American Economic Review, 51(4), 657–665.
• Petersen, T., Böhmer, M., & vom Stein, H. (2013). How Germany Benefits from the Euro in Economic Terms. Policy Brief, 1-8.
• Polasek. W. and Amplatz. C., (2003). The Maastricht Criteria and the Euro: Has the Convergence Continued? Journal of Economic Integration, 18(4), 661-688.
• Pond, E. (1996). Looking Both East and West, Europe, May 96, Issue 356.
• Regling, K., S. Deroose, R. Felke, and P. Kutos., (2010). The Euro After Its First Decade: Weathering the Financial Storm and Enlarging the Euro Area. Asian Development Bank Institute, ADBI Working Paper, 205, 1-41.
• Rodrigue., J.P. (2020). The Geography of Transport Systems, Fifth Edition, Routledge, New York, doi.org/10.4324/9780429346323
• Schimmelfennig, F. (2018). European integration (theory) in times of crisis. A comparison of the euro and Schengen crises. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(7), 969–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1421252
• Schmidt, V. A. (2024). Theorising European integration: the four phases since Ernst Haas’ original contribution. Journal of European Public Policy, 31(10), 3346-3371.
• Schramm, L. (2024). Crises and European Integration. In Crises of European Integration: Joining Together or Falling Apart? (pp. 1-32). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
• Sloam, J. (2003). Responsibility for Europe: the EU Policy of the German Social Democrats Since Unification, German Politics, 12:1. 59-78. DOI:10.1080/09644000412331307524
• Sullivan, A. (2003), ‘The Euro Menace: The Threat of European Integration’, The New Republic, 16 June 2003, 22-26.
• The Economist, “Divide and Rule?”, 26 April 2003, Vol. 367, Issue 8321.
• Verdun, A. (1999) The Role of the Delors Committee in the Creation of EMU: an Epistemic Community?, Journal of European Public Policy, 6:2, 308-328, DOI:10.1080/135017699343739