Османская политика в отношении черкесских беженцев в Дунайском вилайете в 1860-х - 1870-х гг.

Öz

Ottoman Policies on Circassian Refugees in the Danube Vilayet in the 1860s and 1870s

Öz

    This article examines problems related to the large-scale immigration of Circassians into the Danube Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire in the 1860s and 1870s. It looks at the overall process of immigration of Circassian refugees and the actions taken by the Ottoman authorities in order to settle them and help them adapt to the social and economic life of the region. It further analyses the results of the Ottoman policies in relation to the “Circassian issue” that strongly influenced the overall socio-political developments of this sizable Bulgarian region. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Circassians,Ottoman Empire,Danube Vilayet,Bulgarian lands,refugee crisis

Ottoman Policies on Circassian Refugees in the Danube Vilayet in the 1860s and 1870s [Osmanlı Devleti’nin 1860 ve 1870’li yıllarda Tuna Vilayeti’nde bulunan Çerkes Göçmenlerine Yönelik Uygulamaları]

Öz

    Bu makalede, çok sayıda Çerkesin 1860-70’li yıllarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Danube Vilayeti’ne göç etmesiyle ortaya çıkan sorunlar incelenecektir. Çerkes mültecilerin bu bölgeye geliş sürecine genel bir çerçeveden bakıldıktan sonra Osmanlı yönetiminin bu mültecilerin bölgenin sosyal ve ekonomik yaşamına adapte olmaları için aldıkları önlemler irdelenecek, ve makale Bulgaristan’ın bu büyük bölgesindeki sosyo-politik gelişmeleri derinden etkileyen ‘Çerkes Sorunu’na dair Osmanlı idarecilerinin uygulamalarının sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesiyle sona erecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çerkesler,Osmanlı İmparatorluğu,Danube Vilayeti,Bulgaristan,mülteci krizi

Kaynakça

1. Bakardzhieva, T. (2001), Rusenskoto islyahhane – chast ot obrazovatelnata reforma v Osmanskata imperiya, Studia Balcanica 23: Izsledvaniya v chest na prof. Strashimir Dimitrov. Tom I. Sofia, 325–338.
2. ------------------------(2009), Na krachka pred vremeto. Darzhavnikat reformator Midhat pasha (1822–1884). Ruse.
3. Baker, J. (1994), Evropeyska Turtsia. Sofia. Balkanski, T. (2011), Cherkezite v balgarskite zemi. Ezikovoarheologicheski prochit, Veliko Tarnovo.
4. Belozerov, V. (2005), Etnicheskaya karta Severnogo Kavkaza. Moskva.
5. Berje, A. P. (January 1882), Vayselenie gortsev s Kavkaza. – Ruskaya starina, Тom XXXIII, Vipusk 1, 161–176.
6. Besleney, Z. A. (2014), The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. London and New York.
7. Chankov, Z. H. (1935), Naselenieto na Balgaria. Sofia.
8. Damyanov, S. (1967), Lomskiyat kray prez Vazrazhdaneto. Ikonomicheski zhivot i politicheski borbi. Sofia.

9. Dimitrov, G. (1896), Knyazhestvo Balgaria v istorichesko, geografichesko i etnografichesko otnoshenie. Chast II. Plovdiv.
10. Dobreva, M. (2013), “Circassian Colonization in the Danube Vilayet and Social Integration (Preliminary Notes)”, Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi / Journal of The Center for Ottoman Studies, Ankara University, № 33, pp. 1–30.
11. Dumont, P. (1999), Periodat na reformate (Tanzimat) (1839–1878), Istoriya na Osmanskata imperiya. Pod redaktsiyata na R. Mantran. Sofia, 472–535.
12. Dunav (Tuna). (1865–1877), Ruschuk (Ruse).
13. Fadeeva, I. E. (1977), Midhat-pasha. Zhizn i deyatelnost. Moskva.
14. Grancharov, M. (1982), “Demografski promeni v Plevenskiya kray XV– XIX vek”, Izvestiya na muzeite ot Severozapadna Bulgaria, Tom 7, 47–73.
15. Ignatiev, N. P. (2008), “Diplomaticheski zapiski (1864–1874)”, “Doneseniya (1865–1876)”, Tom I: Zapiski (1864–1871), Sofia.
16. Istoriya na Balgaria. (1987), Balgarsko vazrazhdane (1856–1878 g.), Izdatelstvo na Balgarskata akademiya na naukite, Tom VI, Sofia.
17. Jireček, К. (1874), Patuvaniya po Balgaria. Prevod ot cheshki St. Argirov. Pod redaktsiyata na E. Buzhashki i V. Velkov. Sofia.
18. Kanitz, F. (1995), Dunavska Balgaria i Balkanat. Istoriko-geografsko- etnografski patepisni prouchvaniya ot 1860 do 1879 g. Tom I–III. Vtoro preraboteno izdanie. Sofia.
19. Karpat, К. (1985), Ottoman Population 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. The University of Wisconsin Press.
20. Kenderova, S. (2015), Bolnitsi za bedni i preselnitsi v Dunavskiya vilaet, Ezhednevna i ezhemesechna statistika, Sofia.
21. Kiel, M. (2005), Hora i selishta v Balgaria prez osmanskiya period, Sabrani sachineniya. Sofia.
22. Kolev, V. (2008), “Krayat na “turskoto robstvo” v sledosvobozhdenska Balgaria”, Istoricheski pregled, № 5–6, 88–102.
23. Koyuncu, A. (2014), “Tuna Vilâyeti'nde Nüfus ve Demografi (1864- 1877)”, Turkish Studies – International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Peoples, Vol. 9/4, 675–737.
24. Mccarthy, J. (2010), Smart i izgnanie. Etnichesko prochistvane na osmanskite myusyulmani 1821–1922, Sofia.
25. Meyer, J. H. (2007), “Immigration, return, and the politics of citizenship: Russian Muslims in the Ottoman Empire, 1860–1914”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39, 15–32.
26. Mihaylova-Mravkarova, M. (1999), “Etnokulturni protsesi u krimskite tatari ot Severoiztochna Balgaria: Sadbata na myusyulmanskite obshtnosti na Balkanite”, Islyam i kultura. Izsledvaniya, Tom IV: Sofia, 444–459.
27. Mihov, N. (1968), Naselenieto na Turtsia i Balgaria prez XVIII i XIX vek. Bibliografski izdirvaniya sas statistichni i etnografski danni. Tom V, Sofia.
28. Miyatev, P. (1976), Madzharski patepisi za Balkanite XVI–XIX vek. Podbor, prevod i komentar P. Miyatev, Sofia.
29. Muchinov, V. (2012), “Cherkezkata kolonizatsiya v Dunavskiya vilaet prez 60-te–70-te godini na XIX vek”, Naselenie, № 1–2, 125–141.
30. -------------------(2013), Migratsionna politika na Osmanskata imperiya v balgarskite zemi prez XIX vek (do 1878 g.). Sofia.
31. Narochnitskiy, A. L. (ed.) (1988), Istoriya narodov Severnogo Kavkaza. Tom II: Konets XVIII v. – 1917 g. Moskva.
32. Obretenov, N. (1983), Spomeni za balgarskite vastaniya. S harakteristika, dobavki I popravki ot akad. M. Arnaudov, Sofia.
33. Panchev, T. (ed.). (1914), Iz arhivata na Nayden Gerov. Kniga II. Sofia.
34. Penkov, M. (1967), “Turski arhivni dokumenti za cherkezite v Gerlovo”, Izvestiya na Narodniya muzey – Shumen, kniga IV, 145–157.
35. Pinson, M. (1972), “Ottoman colonization of the Circassians in Rumili after the Crimean War”, Études Balkaniques, 3, 71–86.
36. Pletnyov, G. (1994), Midhat pasha i upravlenieto na Dunavskiya vilaet. Veliko Tarnovo.
37. Pravo. (1869–1873), Tsarigrad (Istanbul).
38. Rosser-Owen, S. (2007), The First ‘Circassian Exodus’ to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers, Unpublished Master Thesis, University of London.
39. Savetnik. (1863–1865), Tsarigrad (Istanbul).
40. Shaw, S. J. & Shaw, E. K. (1977), History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808–1975, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
41. Slavov, G. (2008), Hronologichno opisanie na po-vazhnite i zabelezhitelni sabitiya v grad Stara Zagora v cherkovno, uchilishtno i obshtonarodno otnoshenie v XIX vek. Stara Zagora.
42. Tafrova, M. (2010), Tanzimatat, vilaetskata reforma i balgarite. Administratsiyata na Dunavskiya vilaet (1864–1876), Sofia.
43. Todorova, O. (2008–2009), “Robskata institutsiya v Balgaria v perioda na neyniya zalez”, Istorichesko badeshte, № 1–2, 85–141.
44. Turtsia. (1864–1873), Tsarigrad (Istanbul).
45. Vazvazova-Karateodorova, K. & Dragolova, L. (1988), Sofia prez Vazrazhdaneto. Sastaviteli K. Vazvazova-Karateodorova, L. Dragolova. Sofia.
46. Volkova, N. G. (1974), Etnicheskiy sostav naseleniya Severnogo Kavkaza v XVIII – nachale XX veka. Moskva.
47. Vremya. (1865–1867), Tsarigrad (Istanbul).
48. Yakimov, G. (2004), “Vazrozhdenskiyat pechat za cherkezite v balgarskite zemi prez 60-te–70-te godini na XIX vek”, Istoriya, № 4–5, 71– 78.
49. Zayakov, N. (1986), “Tatarski i cherkezki poseleniya vav Vidinsko prez tretata chetvart na XIX vek”, Izvestiya na muzeite ot Severozapadna Balgaria, Tom 11, 109–126.