Muridism As A Stateforming Element of Imam Shamil`s Imamate (1834–1859)

Abstract

The article examines the role of muridism as an important stateforming ideological element of Imam Shamil`s theocratic state – the Imamate, during the period of his rule (1834–1859). It presents key moments of the forming of the ideology of muridism, its aspects which differentiate it from the Sufi tariqa Naqshbandiyyia-Khalidiyya and which were used for the establishing of the Imamate. The article indicates how muridism was adapted to the Caucasian realities and the confrontation between the Imamate and the Russian empire.

Keywords

• North Caucasus,Sufism,tariqa,muridism,Shamil,Imamate,ideology

Muridism As A Stateforming Element of Imam Shamil`s Imamate (1834–1859) [İmam Şamil'in İmamat'ında Devlet Kurucu Öğe Olarak Müridizm (1834–1859)]

Öz

Makale İmam Şamil’in iktidar döneminde (1834-1859) İmamat’ın oluşumunda önemli bir ideolojik öğe olan mürdizmi incelemektedir.
Müridizm ideolojisinin İmamat’ın oluşum sürecindeki önemli dönüm noktalarını ve onu Nakşibendi-Halidiyye Sufi tarikatından ayıran
yönlerini sunmaktadır. Makale müridizmin Kuzeydoğu Kafkasya gerçeklerine nasıl uyarlandığına ve İmamlık ile Rusya İmparatorluğu arasındaki yüzleşmeye işaret etmektedir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kuzey Kafkasya,Sufizm,tarikatlar,müridizm,Şamil,İmamlık,ideoloji

Kaynakça

1. Akaev, V.H. “Tarikat nakshbandiya v Dagestane i ego religiozno-politicheskie transformatsii.” Islamovedenie, 3 (2010): 95-103.
2. Akty, sobrannye Kavkazskoy arheograficheskoy komissiey (AKAK). Vol. 1–12. Tiflis, 1886–1904.
3. Alov, A.A, ve N.G. Vladimirov. Islam v Rossii. Moscow.: Institut Naslediya, 1996.
4. Anadol, Cemal. Çağımızın Gerçek Kahramanları Çeçenler. Istanbul: Kamer Yayınları, 1996.
5. Babich, Irina. “Deyatel'nost' Rossiyskogo gosudarstva po vklyucheniyu gorcev Severnogo Kavkaza v obshcherossiyskoe kul'turnoe prostranstvo v konce ХVІІІ – nachale ХХ veka.” Nauchnaya mysl' Kavkaza, 4 (2008): 41–49.
6. Baddeley, John. The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus. London-New York-Bombay-Calcutta: Longmans, Green and Co, 1908.
7. Berezin, Il'ya. Puteshestvie po Dagestanu i Zakavkaz'yu. 2nd ed. Kazan: Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1850.
8. Bitova, Elena. “Mezhdu hristianstvom i islamom: religiozniy aspekt rossiyskoy administrativnoy politiki na Severnom Kavkaze v XIX veke (balkarskie obshchestva).” Nauchnaya mysl' Kavkaza, 1 (2005): 65-75.

9. Bliev, Maks. “K probleme obshchestvennogo stroya gorskih (“vol'nyh”) obshchestv Severo-vostochnogo i Severo-zapadnogo Kavkaza (XVІІІ-pervoy poloviny XІX veka)”. Istoriya SSSR (Otechestevnaya istoriya), 4 (1989): 151–168
10. Bliev, Maks, ve Vladimir Degoev. Kavkazskaya voyna. Moscow: Roset, 1994.
11. Bobrovnikov, Vladimir. Musul'mane Severnogo Kavkaza: obychay, pravo, nasilie: Ocherki po istorii i etnografii prava Nagornogo Dagestana. Moscow: Vost. Lit., 2002.
12. Dadaev, Yuriy. “Sistema Organov Vlasti i Upravleniya Feodal'nyh Vladeniy Dagestana v XVIII – pervoy polovine XIX v.” Vestnik Instituta IAE, 1 (2014): 25–39.
13. Degoev, Vladimir. Bol'shaya igra na Kavkaze: istoriya i sovremennost'. Moscow: Russkaya panorama, 2003.
14. Demirpolat, Anzavur. “Socio-Cultural Dynamics of Muridizm Movement in Caucasia.” Fırat Üniversitesi Ilahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12/1 (2007): 23-38.
15. Dnevnik polkovnika Runovskogo, sostoyavshego pristavom pri Shamile vo vremya prebyvaniya ego v gor. Kaluge, s 1859 po 1862 god. (Dnevnik Runovskogo). АКАК. Tiflis, 1904, Vol. 12, 1395-1562.
16. Dubrovin, Nikolay. Istoriya voyniy i vladychestva russkih na Kavkaze. Vol. 1, Pt. 1. Saint Petersburg: Tip. Departamenta udelov: 1871.
17. Dzhabrailov, Yuriy. “Gosudarstvenno-konfessional'nye otnosheniya v Imamate.” Islamovedenie, 3 (2013): 67-74.
18. Fadeev, Anatoliy. “O vnutrenney social'noy baze myuridistskogo dvizheniya na Kavkaze v XIX veke”, Voprosyi istorii, 6 (June 1955): 67-77.
19. Gadzhi-Ali, “Skazanie ochevidca o Shamile.” Sbornik svedeniy o kavkazskih gortsah, Vol. VII (1873): 1-76.
20. Gadzhiev, Bulach. Shamil. Ot Gimr do Medinyi. Mahachkala: Dagestanskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1992.
21. Gammer, Moshe. Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan. London: Frank Cass, 1994.
22. Gammer, Moshe. Shamil. Musulmanskoe soprotivlenie tsarizmu. Zavoevanie Chechni i Dagestana. Moscow: KRON-PRESS, 1998.
23. Gammer, Moshe. “Proniknovenie bratstv Nakshbandiya-Halidiya i Kadiriya v Dagestan v XІX v.”. Islam in Russia and Eurasia, ed. Alikber Alikberov ve Vladimir Bobrovnikov. Moscow: Marjani Publishing House, 2010, 94-106.
24. Gapurov, Shahrudin. “K voprosu o „nabegovoy sisteme“ gorcev, Izvestiya VUZOV Severo-Kavkazskiy region.” Obshchestvennye nauki, 4 (2003): 27–32.
25. Hamid, Muhammad. Imam Shamil. The First Muslim Guerrilla Leader. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1979
26. Hanykov, Nikolay. “O myuridah i myuridizme.” Kavkaz, №15, 12 April 1847, 58-60.
27. Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens. A Handbook. New York: Taylor & Francis Group, 2005.
28. Kemper, Michael. “K voprosu o sufiyskoy osnove dzhihada v Dagestane.” Podvizhniki islama: Kul't svyatyih i sufizm v Sredney Azii i na Kavkaze, ed. Sergey Abashin and Vladimir Bobrovnikov. Moscow: Vost. lit., 2003. Web. http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/49893/. 25 Mayıs 2017.
29. Kidirniyazov, D.S. ve Y.M. Lysenko. “Vliyanie Turcii na rasprostranenie myuridizma na Kavkaze (k istorii voprosa).” Islamovedenie, 1 (2014): 30-37.
30. King, Charles. The Ghost of Freedom. A History of the Caucasus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
31. Knysh, Alexander. Islamic Mysticism. A Short History. Lieden-Boston-Köln: BRILL, 2000.
32. Kolodin, Aleksandr. Myuridizm. http://religiocivilis.ru/islam/islamm/447-myuridizm.html. Web. 15 Haziran 2017.
33. Kundukh, Aytek. Kafkasya Müridizm (Gazavat Tarihi). Ed. Tarık Cemal Kutku. İstanbul: 1987.
34. Kurbanova, Gulinzhan. “Problemy dzhihada v dagestanskoy religioznoy myisli XIX – nachala XX vv.” Islamovedenie, 2 (2009): 48-58.
35. Lesin, Vladimir. General Ermolov. Moscow: Veche, 2011.
36. Lieven, Anatol. Chechnya. Tombstone of Russian Power. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998.
37. Magomedov, Magomed. M. “Evolyutsiya sufiyskih obschin na Severo-Vostochnom Kavkaze v XIX v.” Gumanitarnye i yuridicheskie issledovaniya, 1 (2015), 57-61.
38. Magomedova, Zeynab. “Dagestanskie nakshbandiyskie sheyhi XIX v.” Islamovedenie, 2 (2011): 64-71.
39. Magomedsalihov, Haybula. “Reglamentaciya obshchestvennyh otnosheniy v Dagestane v ХІХ v.” Voprosyi istorii, 4 (2010): 138–141.
40. Musaev, Suleyman. “Irracionalizm sheyha Dzhamaluddina Gazi-Kumuhskogo.” Islamovedenie, 4 (2011): 33-36.
41. Narochnitskiy, Aleksey. Istoriya narodov Severnogo Kavkaza s drevneyshih vremen do konca XVIII v. Moscow: Nauka, 1988.
42. Nizam Shamilya. Sbornik svedeniy o kavkazskih gortsah, 3 (1870): 1-18.
43. Plieva, Zalina. “Problemy myuridizma v rossiyskom i zapadnom islamovedenii.” Voprosyi istorii i kul'turyi narodov Rossii. Sbornik statey k 80-letiyu prof. M.Blieva. Ed. R.S. Bzarov. Vladikavkaz: Institut istorii i arheologii RSO-A., 2010, 125-142.
44. Pokrovskiy, Nikolay. Kavkazaskie voyny i imamat Shamilya. Мoscow: ROSSPEN, 2009.
45. Shamil' i Chechnya. Voennyiy sbornik, 9 (1859): 121-164.
46. Smirnov, Nikolay. Myuridizm na Kavkaze. Мoscow: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1963.
47. Vaydenbaum, Evgeniy. Putevoditel' po Kavkazu, sostavlennyiy po porucheniyu komanduyushchego voyskami okruga. Faksimil'noe vosproizvedenie izdaniya 1888 g. Moscow: URSS, 2011.
48. Vinogradov, Vitaliy, ve Yuriy Klychnikov. “K probleme kontrabandy „plenoprodavstva“ na Kavkaze v ХІХ veke.” Voprosyi Severnokavkazskoy istorii, 6/1 (2001): 45–50.
49. Voronina, Tat'yana. “Istoricheskaya Rol' Tarikata v Dagestane i Chechne.” Vektor nauki Tol'yattinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 4 (30) (2014): 84-88.
50. Voyna i islam na Severnom Kavkaze XIX-XX vv. Ed. V. V. Trepavlov. Moscow: Institu Rossiyskoy istorii, RAN, 2000.
51. Zelkina, Anna. In Quest for God and Freedom: Sufi Responses to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus. London: Hurst&Company: 2000.