Araştırma Makalesi
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Северокавказские языки и хатти

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 63 - 84, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.810928

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alhas, A. (2005), Türkce Adıgeyce Sözlük, KafDav İktisadi İşletmesi Yayınları, Ankara, Turkey
  • Adzınov S. et al, (1967), Abaza Russian Dictionary, Moskova
  • Applebaum, A. B. (2013), Prosody and Grammar in Kabardian, PhD Thesis, University of California at Santa Barbara
  • Ardzinba, V. G. (1979), “Nekotorye skhodnye strukturnye priznaki khattskogo i abkhazo-adygskikh jazykov [Some parallel structural markers between the Hattic and Abkhazo-Adyghe languages]”, in Peredneaziatskij Sbornik. III. Istorija i filologija stran Drevnego Vostoka [Asia Minor Collection. III. History and philology of the lands of the Ancient East], pp. 26-37.
  • Barbujani G, Whitehead G N, Bertorelle G, Nasidze I S (1994), “Testing hypotheses on processes of genetic and linguistic change in the Caucasus”, Hum Biol. 1994 Oct;66(5):843-64
  • Bleichsteiner, R. (1923), Zum Protochattischen; in: Berichte des Forschungsinstitutes für Osten und Orient. Bd. 3. 102-106. Vienna
  • Braun, J. (1994), “Khattskij i abkhazo-adygskij jazyki (èkskurs po tablitsam) [Hattian and Abkhazo-Adyghean languages (excursus by tables)]”, in The Nart Epic and Caucasology, Maikop, pp 352-357.
  • Chirikba, V. (1998), “Origin of the Abkhazian people”, in G. Hewitt (ed.), The Abkhazians: A Handbook, Saint Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 37-47.
  • Chirikba, V. (1996), Common West Caucasian, CNWS Publications, Leiden, Netherlands.
  • Cinnioğlu et al (2004) Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Hum. Genet. vol. 114, pp. 127-148.
  • Cook, R. (2005) Conversion of Legacy Linguistic Transcription Data to Unicode 4.0, LSA Workshop Jan. 9 2005 [pdf]
  • Çelikkıran, M. Y. (1991), “Türkce Adıgeyce Sözlük, Maykop, Adigey
  • Diakonoff, I. M. (1967: 170-176), Jazyki Drevnei Perednei Azii [Languages of the Ancient Near East]. Moscow
  • Diakonoff, I. M. and S. A. Starostin (1986), Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language, Kitzinger, Munich.
  • Dolgopolsky, Aharon, (1989) “Cultural contacts of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian with neighboring languages”. Folia Linguistica Historica VIII, 3-36. New York, NY & Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Dunaevskaya I. M. (1960), O strukturnom skhodstve khatsskogo yazyka s yazykami severo- zapadnogo Kavkaza (On structural similarity of Hattic language with Northwest Caucasian languages). Issledovaniya po istorii kul’tury narodov Vostoka. Sbornik v chest’ akademika N. A. Orbeli (Researches on the history of ethnicities of East. Digest in honor of academician N. A. Orbeli). Nauka, Moscow – Leningrad; pp.: 73 – 77
  • Dunn, et al. (2005), Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History, Science 309, 2072.
  • Felsenstein, J. (2004), Inferring Phylogenies, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Forni, G. (2019), Hattic basic lexicon June 2019 update, https://www.academia.edu/39723294/Hattic_basic_lexicon_June_2019_update, accessed 10/10/2020.
  • Forrer, E. (1919), Die acht Sprachen der Boghazköi-Inschriften, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie deer Wissenschaften, 53, 1029-1041
  • Gray, R. D. and Q. D. Atkinson (2003) Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin Nature, vol. 426, pp. 435-439.
  • Goedegebuure, Petra (2010) “The Alignment of Hattian: An Active Language with an Ergative Base”. In Kogan et al.: Language in the Ancient Near East (Vol. 1, part 2), 949-981. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns.
  • Ivanov, Vyacheslav V., (1985), "On the Relationship of Hattic to the Northwest Caucasian Languages," in B. B. Piotrovskij, Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Vladislav G. Ardzinba, eds., Anatoliya - Ancient Anatolia, Moscow : Naúka pp 26 - 59 (in Russian)
  • Kassian, A. (2010) “Hattic as a Sino-Caucasian Language”. Ugarit-Forschungen 41, 309-448. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • King, R. (2004), Y Chromosomal Markers of the Anatolian Neolithic: Associations with the Caucasian Languages and Aegean Phytonyms, abstract of talk presented at the Prehistoric Chronology Workshop, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe NM, March 1, 2004.
  • Kuipers, A. K. (1963), Proto-Circassian Phonology: An Essay in Reconstruction, Studia Caucasia I, pp. 56-92, the Hague, Netherlands.
  • Kuipers, A. K. (1975), A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots, Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse, Netherlands.
  • Nakhleh, L., T. Warnow, D. Ringe, and S.N. Evans, “A Comparison of Phylogenetic Reconstruction Methods on an IE Dataset,” Trans. Philological Society, 2005.
  • Nasidze I, Ling ES, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sardas S, Farhud DD, Sarkisian T, Asadov C, Kerimov A, M. Stoneking M. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus. Annals of Human Genetics. 68: 205-221.
  • Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Stoneking M. (2004) Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Annals of Human Genetics. 68: 588-599.
  • Nasidze I, Inasaridze Z, Shengelia L, Shneider YuV, Zhukova OV, Tikhomirova EV, Rychkov YuG (1990) Genetics of the ethnic groups of the Caucasus: the distribution of some immunological and biochemical genetic markers in Adighe and Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Regions. Russian Journal of Genetics. 26: 1300-1308.
  • Nichols, J., (1977), “Nikolaev & Starostin’s North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: An Assessment”, abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Non-Slavic Languages Conference (NSL), U. Chicago, 8-10 May, 1997.
  • Nikolayev, S. L. and S. A. Starostin (1994), "A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary", Moscow. See also links for query and view.
  • Poser, W. (2004), Gray and Atkinson – Use of Binary Characters, Language Log (Blog), April 28, 2004.
  • Shengelia L, Inasaridze Z, Nasidze I, Shneider YuV. (1991) Genetics of the Ethnic Groups of the Caucasus: the Distribution of Some Immunological and Biochemical genetic Markers in Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardo-Balkaria. Russian Journal of Genetics. 27: 1626-1636.
  • Smeets. R. (1984), Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology, Hakuchi Press, Leiden
  • Soysal, O. (2003). Hattischer Wortschatz in Hethitischer Textuberlieferung, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Soysal, O. (2018), Zu den rezenten studien im hattischen: eine zwischenbilanz, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri, 12, 157-178.
  • Starostin, S. A. (1997), “Reconstruction of Proto-North-Caucasian: Responses to J. Nichols”, abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Non-Slavic Languages Conference (NSL), U. Chicago, 8-10 May, 1997.
  • Starostin, S. A., (2005) “Tower of Babel” Evolution of Human Languages Project, http://starling.rinet.ru/program.php?lan=en
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1955), Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics 21. 121-137.
  • Swofford, D. L. (2003), PAUP* 4.0 Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  • Tikhonova, A. P. (2016). Locative-directional preverbs in the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages: a comparative aspect, Adyghe State University, Maikop.
  • “Tower of Babel” Etymological Databases, [html] http://starling.rinet.ru/Intrab.htm
  • Vogt, Hans, (1963) Dictionnaire de la Langue Oubykh, The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, Oslo.
  • Watkins, Calvert (2001), "An Indo-European Linguistic Area and Its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method? in Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics ed. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) 44-63.

Northwest Caucasian Languages and Hattic [Kuzeybatı Kafkas Dilleri ve Hattice]

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 63 - 84, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.810928

Öz

Bu araştırma beş Kuzeybatı Kafkas Dilleri ve Hatik arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu beş dilde 193 ana kelime oluşturulmuş ve benzerlikleri araştırılmıştır. Abhaz, Abaza, Adige, Kabartay ve Ubıh verilerinde Starostin, Chirikba ve Kuiper’ın çalışmaları esas alınmıştır. 15 kelimelik bir alt Hatik listesi Soysal’ın çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu listeler filogenetik ilişkileri oluşturabilmek için karakter listeleri olarak formüle edilmiştir. Bu dillerin filogenetik ilişkileri oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılan ‘Neighbor Joining’ yöntemiyle PAUP* 4’de araştırılmıştır. Ayrıca bu dillerin ilişkilerini destekleyen ve desteklemeyen gurup genetik çalışmaları ve arkeolojik veriler de tartışılmıştır.

Bu proje Hatik için sınırlı olmakla beraber, Kuzey Batı Kafkas Dilleri için bir ön karakter veri seti oluşturmuştur. Filogenetik ağaçlar, bu diller arasındaki genel ilişkiyi sergilemektedir.

Bu araştırma Kafkas Dillerinde bu tür araştırmalara bir temel teşkil etmektedir. Ayrıca, dil ailelerinin evrimi çalışmalarında kontrast sorgulama uygulamalarına yönelik bir yöntem örneği sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Alhas, A. (2005), Türkce Adıgeyce Sözlük, KafDav İktisadi İşletmesi Yayınları, Ankara, Turkey
  • Adzınov S. et al, (1967), Abaza Russian Dictionary, Moskova
  • Applebaum, A. B. (2013), Prosody and Grammar in Kabardian, PhD Thesis, University of California at Santa Barbara
  • Ardzinba, V. G. (1979), “Nekotorye skhodnye strukturnye priznaki khattskogo i abkhazo-adygskikh jazykov [Some parallel structural markers between the Hattic and Abkhazo-Adyghe languages]”, in Peredneaziatskij Sbornik. III. Istorija i filologija stran Drevnego Vostoka [Asia Minor Collection. III. History and philology of the lands of the Ancient East], pp. 26-37.
  • Barbujani G, Whitehead G N, Bertorelle G, Nasidze I S (1994), “Testing hypotheses on processes of genetic and linguistic change in the Caucasus”, Hum Biol. 1994 Oct;66(5):843-64
  • Bleichsteiner, R. (1923), Zum Protochattischen; in: Berichte des Forschungsinstitutes für Osten und Orient. Bd. 3. 102-106. Vienna
  • Braun, J. (1994), “Khattskij i abkhazo-adygskij jazyki (èkskurs po tablitsam) [Hattian and Abkhazo-Adyghean languages (excursus by tables)]”, in The Nart Epic and Caucasology, Maikop, pp 352-357.
  • Chirikba, V. (1998), “Origin of the Abkhazian people”, in G. Hewitt (ed.), The Abkhazians: A Handbook, Saint Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 37-47.
  • Chirikba, V. (1996), Common West Caucasian, CNWS Publications, Leiden, Netherlands.
  • Cinnioğlu et al (2004) Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Hum. Genet. vol. 114, pp. 127-148.
  • Cook, R. (2005) Conversion of Legacy Linguistic Transcription Data to Unicode 4.0, LSA Workshop Jan. 9 2005 [pdf]
  • Çelikkıran, M. Y. (1991), “Türkce Adıgeyce Sözlük, Maykop, Adigey
  • Diakonoff, I. M. (1967: 170-176), Jazyki Drevnei Perednei Azii [Languages of the Ancient Near East]. Moscow
  • Diakonoff, I. M. and S. A. Starostin (1986), Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language, Kitzinger, Munich.
  • Dolgopolsky, Aharon, (1989) “Cultural contacts of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian with neighboring languages”. Folia Linguistica Historica VIII, 3-36. New York, NY & Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Dunaevskaya I. M. (1960), O strukturnom skhodstve khatsskogo yazyka s yazykami severo- zapadnogo Kavkaza (On structural similarity of Hattic language with Northwest Caucasian languages). Issledovaniya po istorii kul’tury narodov Vostoka. Sbornik v chest’ akademika N. A. Orbeli (Researches on the history of ethnicities of East. Digest in honor of academician N. A. Orbeli). Nauka, Moscow – Leningrad; pp.: 73 – 77
  • Dunn, et al. (2005), Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History, Science 309, 2072.
  • Felsenstein, J. (2004), Inferring Phylogenies, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Forni, G. (2019), Hattic basic lexicon June 2019 update, https://www.academia.edu/39723294/Hattic_basic_lexicon_June_2019_update, accessed 10/10/2020.
  • Forrer, E. (1919), Die acht Sprachen der Boghazköi-Inschriften, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie deer Wissenschaften, 53, 1029-1041
  • Gray, R. D. and Q. D. Atkinson (2003) Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin Nature, vol. 426, pp. 435-439.
  • Goedegebuure, Petra (2010) “The Alignment of Hattian: An Active Language with an Ergative Base”. In Kogan et al.: Language in the Ancient Near East (Vol. 1, part 2), 949-981. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns.
  • Ivanov, Vyacheslav V., (1985), "On the Relationship of Hattic to the Northwest Caucasian Languages," in B. B. Piotrovskij, Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Vladislav G. Ardzinba, eds., Anatoliya - Ancient Anatolia, Moscow : Naúka pp 26 - 59 (in Russian)
  • Kassian, A. (2010) “Hattic as a Sino-Caucasian Language”. Ugarit-Forschungen 41, 309-448. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • King, R. (2004), Y Chromosomal Markers of the Anatolian Neolithic: Associations with the Caucasian Languages and Aegean Phytonyms, abstract of talk presented at the Prehistoric Chronology Workshop, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe NM, March 1, 2004.
  • Kuipers, A. K. (1963), Proto-Circassian Phonology: An Essay in Reconstruction, Studia Caucasia I, pp. 56-92, the Hague, Netherlands.
  • Kuipers, A. K. (1975), A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots, Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse, Netherlands.
  • Nakhleh, L., T. Warnow, D. Ringe, and S.N. Evans, “A Comparison of Phylogenetic Reconstruction Methods on an IE Dataset,” Trans. Philological Society, 2005.
  • Nasidze I, Ling ES, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sardas S, Farhud DD, Sarkisian T, Asadov C, Kerimov A, M. Stoneking M. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus. Annals of Human Genetics. 68: 205-221.
  • Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Stoneking M. (2004) Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Annals of Human Genetics. 68: 588-599.
  • Nasidze I, Inasaridze Z, Shengelia L, Shneider YuV, Zhukova OV, Tikhomirova EV, Rychkov YuG (1990) Genetics of the ethnic groups of the Caucasus: the distribution of some immunological and biochemical genetic markers in Adighe and Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Regions. Russian Journal of Genetics. 26: 1300-1308.
  • Nichols, J., (1977), “Nikolaev & Starostin’s North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: An Assessment”, abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Non-Slavic Languages Conference (NSL), U. Chicago, 8-10 May, 1997.
  • Nikolayev, S. L. and S. A. Starostin (1994), "A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary", Moscow. See also links for query and view.
  • Poser, W. (2004), Gray and Atkinson – Use of Binary Characters, Language Log (Blog), April 28, 2004.
  • Shengelia L, Inasaridze Z, Nasidze I, Shneider YuV. (1991) Genetics of the Ethnic Groups of the Caucasus: the Distribution of Some Immunological and Biochemical genetic Markers in Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardo-Balkaria. Russian Journal of Genetics. 27: 1626-1636.
  • Smeets. R. (1984), Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology, Hakuchi Press, Leiden
  • Soysal, O. (2003). Hattischer Wortschatz in Hethitischer Textuberlieferung, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Soysal, O. (2018), Zu den rezenten studien im hattischen: eine zwischenbilanz, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri, 12, 157-178.
  • Starostin, S. A. (1997), “Reconstruction of Proto-North-Caucasian: Responses to J. Nichols”, abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Non-Slavic Languages Conference (NSL), U. Chicago, 8-10 May, 1997.
  • Starostin, S. A., (2005) “Tower of Babel” Evolution of Human Languages Project, http://starling.rinet.ru/program.php?lan=en
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1955), Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics 21. 121-137.
  • Swofford, D. L. (2003), PAUP* 4.0 Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  • Tikhonova, A. P. (2016). Locative-directional preverbs in the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages: a comparative aspect, Adyghe State University, Maikop.
  • “Tower of Babel” Etymological Databases, [html] http://starling.rinet.ru/Intrab.htm
  • Vogt, Hans, (1963) Dictionnaire de la Langue Oubykh, The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, Oslo.
  • Watkins, Calvert (2001), "An Indo-European Linguistic Area and Its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method? in Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics ed. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) 44-63.

Northwest Caucasian Languages and Hattic [Kuzeybatı Kafkas Dilleri ve Hattice]

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11, 63 - 84, 30.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.21488/jocas.810928

Öz

The relationships among five Northwest Caucasian languages and Hattic were investigated. A list of 193 core vocabulary words was constructed and examined to find look-alike words. Data for Abhkaz, Abaza, Adyghe, Kabardian and Ubykh drew on the work of Starostin, Chirikba and Kuipers. A sub-set list of 15 look-alike words for Hattic was constructed from Soysal. These lists were formulated as character data for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of the languages. The phylogenetic relationships of these languages were investigated by a well known method, Neighbor Joining, as implemented in PAUP* 4.0. Supporting and dissenting evidence from human genetic population studies and archeological evidence were discussed.

This project has produced a provisional set of character data for the Northwest Caucasian languages and, to a limited extent, Hattic. Phylogenetic trees have been generated and displayed to show their general character and the types of differences obtained by alternate methods.

This research is a basis for further inquiries into the development of the Caucasian languages. Moreover, it presents an example of the method for contrast queries application in studying the evolution of language families.

Kaynakça

  • Alhas, A. (2005), Türkce Adıgeyce Sözlük, KafDav İktisadi İşletmesi Yayınları, Ankara, Turkey
  • Adzınov S. et al, (1967), Abaza Russian Dictionary, Moskova
  • Applebaum, A. B. (2013), Prosody and Grammar in Kabardian, PhD Thesis, University of California at Santa Barbara
  • Ardzinba, V. G. (1979), “Nekotorye skhodnye strukturnye priznaki khattskogo i abkhazo-adygskikh jazykov [Some parallel structural markers between the Hattic and Abkhazo-Adyghe languages]”, in Peredneaziatskij Sbornik. III. Istorija i filologija stran Drevnego Vostoka [Asia Minor Collection. III. History and philology of the lands of the Ancient East], pp. 26-37.
  • Barbujani G, Whitehead G N, Bertorelle G, Nasidze I S (1994), “Testing hypotheses on processes of genetic and linguistic change in the Caucasus”, Hum Biol. 1994 Oct;66(5):843-64
  • Bleichsteiner, R. (1923), Zum Protochattischen; in: Berichte des Forschungsinstitutes für Osten und Orient. Bd. 3. 102-106. Vienna
  • Braun, J. (1994), “Khattskij i abkhazo-adygskij jazyki (èkskurs po tablitsam) [Hattian and Abkhazo-Adyghean languages (excursus by tables)]”, in The Nart Epic and Caucasology, Maikop, pp 352-357.
  • Chirikba, V. (1998), “Origin of the Abkhazian people”, in G. Hewitt (ed.), The Abkhazians: A Handbook, Saint Martin’s Press, New York, pp. 37-47.
  • Chirikba, V. (1996), Common West Caucasian, CNWS Publications, Leiden, Netherlands.
  • Cinnioğlu et al (2004) Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia, Hum. Genet. vol. 114, pp. 127-148.
  • Cook, R. (2005) Conversion of Legacy Linguistic Transcription Data to Unicode 4.0, LSA Workshop Jan. 9 2005 [pdf]
  • Çelikkıran, M. Y. (1991), “Türkce Adıgeyce Sözlük, Maykop, Adigey
  • Diakonoff, I. M. (1967: 170-176), Jazyki Drevnei Perednei Azii [Languages of the Ancient Near East]. Moscow
  • Diakonoff, I. M. and S. A. Starostin (1986), Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian Language, Kitzinger, Munich.
  • Dolgopolsky, Aharon, (1989) “Cultural contacts of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Indo-Iranian with neighboring languages”. Folia Linguistica Historica VIII, 3-36. New York, NY & Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Dunaevskaya I. M. (1960), O strukturnom skhodstve khatsskogo yazyka s yazykami severo- zapadnogo Kavkaza (On structural similarity of Hattic language with Northwest Caucasian languages). Issledovaniya po istorii kul’tury narodov Vostoka. Sbornik v chest’ akademika N. A. Orbeli (Researches on the history of ethnicities of East. Digest in honor of academician N. A. Orbeli). Nauka, Moscow – Leningrad; pp.: 73 – 77
  • Dunn, et al. (2005), Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History, Science 309, 2072.
  • Felsenstein, J. (2004), Inferring Phylogenies, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. Forni, G. (2019), Hattic basic lexicon June 2019 update, https://www.academia.edu/39723294/Hattic_basic_lexicon_June_2019_update, accessed 10/10/2020.
  • Forrer, E. (1919), Die acht Sprachen der Boghazköi-Inschriften, Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie deer Wissenschaften, 53, 1029-1041
  • Gray, R. D. and Q. D. Atkinson (2003) Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin Nature, vol. 426, pp. 435-439.
  • Goedegebuure, Petra (2010) “The Alignment of Hattian: An Active Language with an Ergative Base”. In Kogan et al.: Language in the Ancient Near East (Vol. 1, part 2), 949-981. Winona Lake (IN): Eisenbrauns.
  • Ivanov, Vyacheslav V., (1985), "On the Relationship of Hattic to the Northwest Caucasian Languages," in B. B. Piotrovskij, Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Vladislav G. Ardzinba, eds., Anatoliya - Ancient Anatolia, Moscow : Naúka pp 26 - 59 (in Russian)
  • Kassian, A. (2010) “Hattic as a Sino-Caucasian Language”. Ugarit-Forschungen 41, 309-448. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.
  • King, R. (2004), Y Chromosomal Markers of the Anatolian Neolithic: Associations with the Caucasian Languages and Aegean Phytonyms, abstract of talk presented at the Prehistoric Chronology Workshop, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe NM, March 1, 2004.
  • Kuipers, A. K. (1963), Proto-Circassian Phonology: An Essay in Reconstruction, Studia Caucasia I, pp. 56-92, the Hague, Netherlands.
  • Kuipers, A. K. (1975), A Dictionary of Proto-Circassian Roots, Peter de Ridder Press, Lisse, Netherlands.
  • Nakhleh, L., T. Warnow, D. Ringe, and S.N. Evans, “A Comparison of Phylogenetic Reconstruction Methods on an IE Dataset,” Trans. Philological Society, 2005.
  • Nasidze I, Ling ES, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Cordaux R, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Sarraf-Zadegan N, Naderi GA, Asgary S, Sardas S, Farhud DD, Sarkisian T, Asadov C, Kerimov A, M. Stoneking M. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome variation in the Caucasus. Annals of Human Genetics. 68: 205-221.
  • Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Zhukova O, Stoneking M. (2004) Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Annals of Human Genetics. 68: 588-599.
  • Nasidze I, Inasaridze Z, Shengelia L, Shneider YuV, Zhukova OV, Tikhomirova EV, Rychkov YuG (1990) Genetics of the ethnic groups of the Caucasus: the distribution of some immunological and biochemical genetic markers in Adighe and Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Regions. Russian Journal of Genetics. 26: 1300-1308.
  • Nichols, J., (1977), “Nikolaev & Starostin’s North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary and the Methodology of Long-Range Comparison: An Assessment”, abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Non-Slavic Languages Conference (NSL), U. Chicago, 8-10 May, 1997.
  • Nikolayev, S. L. and S. A. Starostin (1994), "A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary", Moscow. See also links for query and view.
  • Poser, W. (2004), Gray and Atkinson – Use of Binary Characters, Language Log (Blog), April 28, 2004.
  • Shengelia L, Inasaridze Z, Nasidze I, Shneider YuV. (1991) Genetics of the Ethnic Groups of the Caucasus: the Distribution of Some Immunological and Biochemical genetic Markers in Karachay-Cherkess and Kabardo-Balkaria. Russian Journal of Genetics. 27: 1626-1636.
  • Smeets. R. (1984), Studies in West Circassian phonology and morphology, Hakuchi Press, Leiden
  • Soysal, O. (2003). Hattischer Wortschatz in Hethitischer Textuberlieferung, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic Publishers.
  • Soysal, O. (2018), Zu den rezenten studien im hattischen: eine zwischenbilanz, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri, 12, 157-178.
  • Starostin, S. A. (1997), “Reconstruction of Proto-North-Caucasian: Responses to J. Nichols”, abstract of a paper presented at the Tenth Biennial Non-Slavic Languages Conference (NSL), U. Chicago, 8-10 May, 1997.
  • Starostin, S. A., (2005) “Tower of Babel” Evolution of Human Languages Project, http://starling.rinet.ru/program.php?lan=en
  • Swadesh, Morris. (1955), Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics 21. 121-137.
  • Swofford, D. L. (2003), PAUP* 4.0 Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
  • Tikhonova, A. P. (2016). Locative-directional preverbs in the Hattian and Abkhazian-Adyghe languages: a comparative aspect, Adyghe State University, Maikop.
  • “Tower of Babel” Etymological Databases, [html] http://starling.rinet.ru/Intrab.htm
  • Vogt, Hans, (1963) Dictionnaire de la Langue Oubykh, The Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture, Oslo.
  • Watkins, Calvert (2001), "An Indo-European Linguistic Area and Its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method? in Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics ed. Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R.M.W. Dixon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) 44-63.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayla Bozkurt Applebaum 0000-0003-4866-4407

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 11

Kaynak Göster

MLA Applebaum, Ayla Bozkurt. “Northwest Caucasian Languages and Hattic [Kuzeybatı Kafkas Dilleri Ve Hattice]”. Kafkasya Çalışmaları, c. 6, sy. 11, 2020, ss. 63-84, doi:10.21488/jocas.810928.
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