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An Exploration into the Formations of a Ghost: Gendered Terrains of Circassian Diaspora Nationalism in Turkey

Yıl 2021, Sayı: Special Issue - Gender in the Caucasus and in the Diaspora, 51 - 74, 20.02.2021

Öz

This paper aims to explore the gendered formations of Circassian diaspora nationalism in Turkey, a ghost of the 19th and 20th centuries. Based on in-depth interviews conducted with diaspora nationalists, it discusses the gendered constructions of diaspora nationalism through which Circassian diaspora nationalism connects itself and the diaspora to the host community and homeland and differentiates itself and the diaspora from both. This article explores the myth of “an almost matriarchal society” and the very gendered and yet apparently gender neutral project of return and discourses on in-between-ness and transnationalism as elements in the toolbox of Circassian diaspora nationalism.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, Cahit. Doğu Akdeniz’deki Çerkesler. Serdar Yayınevi, 2005.
  • Besleney, Zeynel A. The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. Routledge, 2014.
  • Bezanis, Lowell. “Soviet Muslim Emigrés in the Republic of Turkey”. Central Asian Survey, vol. 1, no. 1, 1994, pp. 59-180.
  • “Bir Umut Yeter’deki Ayrımcı İfadeler Sebebiyle Kanal D’ye Ceza”. Birgün, 11 October 2018, https://www.birgun.net/haber/bir-umut-yeter-deki-ayrimci-ifadeler-sebebiyle-kanal-d-ye-ceza-233264.
  • Chatterjee, Partha. “Colonialism, Nationalism, and Colonized Women: The Contest in India”. American Ethnologist, vol.16, no. 4, 1989, pp. 622-633.
  • Chatterjee, Partha. “The Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question”. Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, edited by Kumkum Sargari and Sudesh Vaid, Kali for Women, 1989, pp. 233-253.
  • Clifford, James. “Diasporas”. Cultural Anthropology, vol. 9, no. 3, 1994, pp. 302- 338.
  • Connell, Raewyn. Masculinities. 2nd ed, University of California Press, 2005.
  • “Çerkeslerden Kanal D Önünde Protesto”. Gazete Duvar, 21 October 2018, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/10/21/cerkeslerden-kanal-d-onunde-protesto/.
  • Doğan, Setenay Nil. “From National Humiliation to Difference: The Image of the Circassian Beauty in the Discourses of Circassian Diaspora Nationalists”. New Perspectives on Turkey, no.42, 2010, pp. 77-101.
  • Erciyes, Cemre. “Diaspora of Diaspora: Adyge-Abkaz Returnees in the Ancestral Homeland”. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 17, no.3, 2014, pp. 340-361.
  • Ertem, Gönül. “Off the Feminist Plaform in Turkey: Cherkess Gender Relations”. Feminist Fields: Ethnographic Insights, edited by Rae Bridgman, Sally Cole and Heather Howard-Bobiwash, Broadview Press, 1999, pp. 173-195.
  • Evergeti, Venetia. “Living and Caring between Two Cultures”. Community, Work and Family, vol. 9, no. 3, 2006, pp. 347-266.
  • Fleming, K. E. “Women as Preservers of the Past: Ziya Gökalp and Women’s Reform”. Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Women, edited by Zehra Arat, St.Martin’s Press, 1998, pp. 127-138.
  • Ganguly, Keya. “Migrant Identities: Personal Memory and the Construction of Selfhood”. Cultural Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, 1992, pp. 27-49.
  • Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press, 1983.
  • Geschwender, James. A. “Ethnicity and Social Construction of Gender in the Chinese Diaspora”. Gender and Society, vol. 6, no. 3, 1992, pp. 480-507.
  • Gold, Steven. “Gender and Social Capital among Israeli Immigrants in Los Angeles”. Diaspora, vol. 4, no. 3, 1995, pp. 267-301.
  • Gopinath, Gayatri. “Bombay, UK, Yuba City: Bhangra Music and the Engendering of Diaspora”. Diaspora, vol. 4, no. 3, 1995, pp. 303-322.
  • Güneş-Ayata, Ayşe. “Etnik Kimlik ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Ankara’da Çerkes Kadınlar”. 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek Konferansı 19-21 Kasım 1997, edited by Oya Çitçi, TODAİE İnsan Hakları Araştırma ve Derleme Merkezi Yayını, 1998, pp. 71-80.
  • Helmrich, Stefan. “Kinship, Nation and Paul Gilroy’s Concept of Diaspora”. Diaspora, vol. 2, no. 2, 1991, pp. 243-249.
  • Houston, Serin, and Richard Wright. “Making and Remaking Tibetan Diasporic Identities”. Social & Cultural Geography, vol. 4, no. 2, 2003, pp. 217-232.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz. “Bargaining with Patriarchy.” Gender and Society, vol. 2, no. 3, 1988, pp. 274-289.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz. Cariyeler, Bacılar, Yurttaşlar: Kimlikler ve Toplumsal Dönüşümler. Metis Kadın Araştırmaları, 1997.
  • Kaya, Ayhan. Türkiye’de Çerkesler: Diasporada Geleneğin Yeniden İcadı. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011.
  • King, Charles. The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Mason, Jennifer. “Qualitative Interviewing: Asking, Listening and Interpreting”. Qualitative Research in Action, edited by Tim May, Sage, 2002, pp. 225-241.
  • Mojab, Shahrzad, editor. Devletsiz Ulusun Kadınları: Kürt Kadını Üzerine Araştırmalar. Avesta Yayınları, 2005.
  • “Nefret Dili Kabak Tadı Verdi”. Jıneps Gazetesi, November, 2018, https://jinepsgazetesi.com/nefret-dili-kabak-tadi-verdi-14071.html.
  • Neluka, Silva. “‘Mothers, Daughters and ‘Whores’ of the Nation’: Nationalism and Female Stereotypes in Post-Colonial Sri Lankan Drama in English”. Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, 1997, pp. 269-277.
  • Ramji, Hasmita. “Engendering Diasporic Identities”. South Asian Women in the Diaspora, edited by Nirmal Puwar, Berg Publishers, 2003, pp. 227-242.
  • Schick, Irvin Cemil. Çerkes Güzeli: Bir Şarkiyatçı İmgenin Serüveni. Oğlak Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Scott, Joan. Gender and the Politics of History. Columbia University Press, 1999.
  • Shami, Seteney. “Feminine Identity and Ethnic Identity: The Circassians in Jordan”. Who is Afraid of Femininity? Questions of Identity, edited by Margret Brügmann et al., Rodopi, 1993, pp. 147-155.
  • Shami, Seteney. “Circassian Encounters: The Self as Other and the Production of the Homeland in the North Caucasus”. Development and Change, vol. 29, no. 4, 1998, pp. 617- 646.
  • Silverman, David. Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook. Sage Publications, 2000.
  • Siu, Lok. “Queen of the Chinese Colony: Gender, Nation, and Belonging in Diaspora”. Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 3, 2005, pp. 511-542.
  • Skrbis, Zlatko. Long-distance Nationalism: Diasporas, Homelands and Identities. Ashgate Pub., 1999.
  • Tsolidis, Georgine. “The Role of the Maternal in Diasporic Cultural Reproduction –Australia, Canada and Greece”. Social Semiotics, vol. 11, no. 2, 2001, pp. 193-208.
  • Tuğsuz, Olcayto Ahmet. “Leyla”. Leyla, Seyyal Taner (singer), 1986, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJFdcbXyPwM.
  • Walby, Sylvia. “Woman and Nation”. Mapping the Nation, edited by Gopal Balakrishnan, Verso, 1996, pp. 235-254.
  • Yeoh, Brenda S. A., and Katie Willis, “‘Heart’ and ‘Wing’, Nation and Diaspora: Gendered Discourses in Singapore’s Regionalization Process”. Gender, Place and Culture, vol. 6, no. 4, 1999, pp. 355-372.
  • Yuval-Davis, Nira, and Floya Anthias. “Woman-Nation-State”. Nationalism, edited by John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, Routledge, 2000, pp. 1475-1488.

Bir Hayaletin Yapıtaşlarının Peşinde: Türkiye’deki Çerkes Milliyetçiliğinin Toplumsal Cinsiyetlendirilmiş Arazileri

Yıl 2021, Sayı: Special Issue - Gender in the Caucasus and in the Diaspora, 51 - 74, 20.02.2021

Öz

Bu makale 19. ve 20. yüzyılların bir hayaletinin, Türkiye’deki Çerkes milliyetçiliğinin toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş yapıtaşlarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Diaspora milliyetçileriyle yapılmış derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanarak diaspora milliyetçiliğinin toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş boyutlarını tartışmaktadır. Diaspora milliyetçiliği toplumsal cinsiyet kurgularıyla diasporayı ve kendini ev sahibi topluma ve anavatana bağlamakta ve bu kurgularla aynı zamanda kendini ve diasporayı onlardan farklılaştırmaktadır. Bu makale “neredeyse anaerkil bir toplum” mitini ve görünüşte toplumsal cinsiyetsiz olan -ama aslında yoğun bir şekilde toplumsal cinsiyetlendirilmiş- dönüş projesini, arada kalmışlık ve ulusötesilik söylemlerini Çerkes diaspora milliyetçiliğinin alet kutusundaki unsurlar olarak incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, Cahit. Doğu Akdeniz’deki Çerkesler. Serdar Yayınevi, 2005.
  • Besleney, Zeynel A. The Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: A Political History. Routledge, 2014.
  • Bezanis, Lowell. “Soviet Muslim Emigrés in the Republic of Turkey”. Central Asian Survey, vol. 1, no. 1, 1994, pp. 59-180.
  • “Bir Umut Yeter’deki Ayrımcı İfadeler Sebebiyle Kanal D’ye Ceza”. Birgün, 11 October 2018, https://www.birgun.net/haber/bir-umut-yeter-deki-ayrimci-ifadeler-sebebiyle-kanal-d-ye-ceza-233264.
  • Chatterjee, Partha. “Colonialism, Nationalism, and Colonized Women: The Contest in India”. American Ethnologist, vol.16, no. 4, 1989, pp. 622-633.
  • Chatterjee, Partha. “The Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question”. Recasting Women: Essays in Colonial History, edited by Kumkum Sargari and Sudesh Vaid, Kali for Women, 1989, pp. 233-253.
  • Clifford, James. “Diasporas”. Cultural Anthropology, vol. 9, no. 3, 1994, pp. 302- 338.
  • Connell, Raewyn. Masculinities. 2nd ed, University of California Press, 2005.
  • “Çerkeslerden Kanal D Önünde Protesto”. Gazete Duvar, 21 October 2018, https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/10/21/cerkeslerden-kanal-d-onunde-protesto/.
  • Doğan, Setenay Nil. “From National Humiliation to Difference: The Image of the Circassian Beauty in the Discourses of Circassian Diaspora Nationalists”. New Perspectives on Turkey, no.42, 2010, pp. 77-101.
  • Erciyes, Cemre. “Diaspora of Diaspora: Adyge-Abkaz Returnees in the Ancestral Homeland”. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 17, no.3, 2014, pp. 340-361.
  • Ertem, Gönül. “Off the Feminist Plaform in Turkey: Cherkess Gender Relations”. Feminist Fields: Ethnographic Insights, edited by Rae Bridgman, Sally Cole and Heather Howard-Bobiwash, Broadview Press, 1999, pp. 173-195.
  • Evergeti, Venetia. “Living and Caring between Two Cultures”. Community, Work and Family, vol. 9, no. 3, 2006, pp. 347-266.
  • Fleming, K. E. “Women as Preservers of the Past: Ziya Gökalp and Women’s Reform”. Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Women, edited by Zehra Arat, St.Martin’s Press, 1998, pp. 127-138.
  • Ganguly, Keya. “Migrant Identities: Personal Memory and the Construction of Selfhood”. Cultural Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, 1992, pp. 27-49.
  • Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Cornell University Press, 1983.
  • Geschwender, James. A. “Ethnicity and Social Construction of Gender in the Chinese Diaspora”. Gender and Society, vol. 6, no. 3, 1992, pp. 480-507.
  • Gold, Steven. “Gender and Social Capital among Israeli Immigrants in Los Angeles”. Diaspora, vol. 4, no. 3, 1995, pp. 267-301.
  • Gopinath, Gayatri. “Bombay, UK, Yuba City: Bhangra Music and the Engendering of Diaspora”. Diaspora, vol. 4, no. 3, 1995, pp. 303-322.
  • Güneş-Ayata, Ayşe. “Etnik Kimlik ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet: Ankara’da Çerkes Kadınlar”. 20. Yüzyılın Sonunda Kadınlar ve Gelecek Konferansı 19-21 Kasım 1997, edited by Oya Çitçi, TODAİE İnsan Hakları Araştırma ve Derleme Merkezi Yayını, 1998, pp. 71-80.
  • Helmrich, Stefan. “Kinship, Nation and Paul Gilroy’s Concept of Diaspora”. Diaspora, vol. 2, no. 2, 1991, pp. 243-249.
  • Houston, Serin, and Richard Wright. “Making and Remaking Tibetan Diasporic Identities”. Social & Cultural Geography, vol. 4, no. 2, 2003, pp. 217-232.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz. “Bargaining with Patriarchy.” Gender and Society, vol. 2, no. 3, 1988, pp. 274-289.
  • Kandiyoti, Deniz. Cariyeler, Bacılar, Yurttaşlar: Kimlikler ve Toplumsal Dönüşümler. Metis Kadın Araştırmaları, 1997.
  • Kaya, Ayhan. Türkiye’de Çerkesler: Diasporada Geleneğin Yeniden İcadı. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2011.
  • King, Charles. The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus. Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Mason, Jennifer. “Qualitative Interviewing: Asking, Listening and Interpreting”. Qualitative Research in Action, edited by Tim May, Sage, 2002, pp. 225-241.
  • Mojab, Shahrzad, editor. Devletsiz Ulusun Kadınları: Kürt Kadını Üzerine Araştırmalar. Avesta Yayınları, 2005.
  • “Nefret Dili Kabak Tadı Verdi”. Jıneps Gazetesi, November, 2018, https://jinepsgazetesi.com/nefret-dili-kabak-tadi-verdi-14071.html.
  • Neluka, Silva. “‘Mothers, Daughters and ‘Whores’ of the Nation’: Nationalism and Female Stereotypes in Post-Colonial Sri Lankan Drama in English”. Journal of Gender Studies, vol. 6, no. 3, 1997, pp. 269-277.
  • Ramji, Hasmita. “Engendering Diasporic Identities”. South Asian Women in the Diaspora, edited by Nirmal Puwar, Berg Publishers, 2003, pp. 227-242.
  • Schick, Irvin Cemil. Çerkes Güzeli: Bir Şarkiyatçı İmgenin Serüveni. Oğlak Yayıncılık, 2004.
  • Scott, Joan. Gender and the Politics of History. Columbia University Press, 1999.
  • Shami, Seteney. “Feminine Identity and Ethnic Identity: The Circassians in Jordan”. Who is Afraid of Femininity? Questions of Identity, edited by Margret Brügmann et al., Rodopi, 1993, pp. 147-155.
  • Shami, Seteney. “Circassian Encounters: The Self as Other and the Production of the Homeland in the North Caucasus”. Development and Change, vol. 29, no. 4, 1998, pp. 617- 646.
  • Silverman, David. Doing Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook. Sage Publications, 2000.
  • Siu, Lok. “Queen of the Chinese Colony: Gender, Nation, and Belonging in Diaspora”. Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 78, no. 3, 2005, pp. 511-542.
  • Skrbis, Zlatko. Long-distance Nationalism: Diasporas, Homelands and Identities. Ashgate Pub., 1999.
  • Tsolidis, Georgine. “The Role of the Maternal in Diasporic Cultural Reproduction –Australia, Canada and Greece”. Social Semiotics, vol. 11, no. 2, 2001, pp. 193-208.
  • Tuğsuz, Olcayto Ahmet. “Leyla”. Leyla, Seyyal Taner (singer), 1986, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sJFdcbXyPwM.
  • Walby, Sylvia. “Woman and Nation”. Mapping the Nation, edited by Gopal Balakrishnan, Verso, 1996, pp. 235-254.
  • Yeoh, Brenda S. A., and Katie Willis, “‘Heart’ and ‘Wing’, Nation and Diaspora: Gendered Discourses in Singapore’s Regionalization Process”. Gender, Place and Culture, vol. 6, no. 4, 1999, pp. 355-372.
  • Yuval-Davis, Nira, and Floya Anthias. “Woman-Nation-State”. Nationalism, edited by John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith, Routledge, 2000, pp. 1475-1488.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Setenay Nil Dogan

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Şubat 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: Special Issue - Gender in the Caucasus and in the Diaspora

Kaynak Göster

MLA Dogan, Setenay Nil. “An Exploration into the Formations of a Ghost: Gendered Terrains of Circassian Diaspora Nationalism in Turkey”. Kafkasya Çalışmaları, sy. Special Issue, ss. 51-74.
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