Nörogelişimsel Bozukluklarda Ortak Beslenme Sorunları

Öz

Nörogelişimsel bozukluklar; genetik yatkınlık, epigenetik düzenlemeler ve çevresel etmenlerin karmaşık etkileşimi sonucu ortaya çıkan, çocukluk döneminde belirginleşen ve yaşam boyu sürebilen çok boyutlu klinik tablolardır. Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB), dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), zihinsel yetersizlik ve özgül öğrenme bozuklukları bu grubun en sık görülen örnekleri arasında yer almaktadır. Nörogelişimsel bozukluğu olan bireylerde beslenme sorunları oldukça yaygındır. Besin seçiciliği, besin neofobisi, sınırlı diyet örüntüleri ve duyusal hassasiyetler; enerji, mikro ve makro besin ögesi yetersizliklerine zemin hazırlayabilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra, gastrointestinal semptomlar, bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki değişiklikler ve bağırsak–beyin eksenindeki bozulmaların davranışsal belirtilerle ilişkili olabileceği bildirilmektedir. Besin alerjileri ve intoleranslar da nöroimmün mekanizmalar üzerinden klinik tabloya katkı sağlayabilecek potansiyel etmenler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu derlemede, nörogelişimsel bozukluklarda ortak beslenme sorunlarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında ilgili anahtar kelimeler kullanılarak literatür taraması yapılmış ve konu ile ilişkili çalışmalar değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nörogelşimsel bozukluk
• beslenme
• besin reddi
• besin seçiciliği
• gastrointestinal semptomlar

Common Feeding and Nutritional Problems in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Öz

Neurodevelopmental disorders are multidimensional clinical conditions that emerge in childhood and may persist throughout life, arising from the complex interaction of genetic predisposition, epigenetic regulation, and environmental factors. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability, and specific learning disorders are among the most common examples within this group. Nutritional problems are highly prevalent in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Food selectivity, food neophobia, restricted dietary patterns, and sensory sensitivities may predispose affected individuals to energy, macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms, alterations in gut microbiota, and disruptions in the gut–brain axis have been reported to be associated with behavioral manifestations. Food allergies and intolerances may also contribute to the clinical presentation through neuroimmune mechanisms. This review aims to identify and discuss common nutritional problems observed in neurodevelopmental disorders. For this purpose, a literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using relevant keywords, and studies related to the topic were evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Neurodevelopmental disorder
• nutrition
• food refusal
• food selectivity
• gastrointestinal symptoms

Kaynakça

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