Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulation and Phytoremediation in Plants

Öz

Hyperaccumulator plants can accumulate extraordinary amount of heavy metals in their aerial organs and they are not negatively affected from heavy metals. Three basic differences distinguish hyperaccumulators from non-hyperaccumulators: an effectively accelerated rate of heavy metal uptake from soil, a faster translocation of heavy metals from roots to shoots and a greater ability of detokxification in leaves. Both hyperaccumulators and non-hyperaccumulators share the common genes and hyperaccumulation ability depends on the different expression and regulation of these genes. In addition, it is an important detail that some haevy metals that are effectively absorbed from soil by hyperaccumulators are essential for plants and animals. In this review, an overview of literature discussing general features of hyperaccumulator plants, phytoremediation types and ability and using these plants for phytomining is presented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• heavy metal
• detoxification
• phytoremediation
• phytomining
• hyperaccumulator

Bitkilerde Ağır Metal Hiperakümülasyonu ve Fitoremediasyon

Öz

Hiperakümülatör bitkiler çeşitli ağır metalleri toprak üstü organlarında aşırı miktarda biriktiren ancak bundan olumsuz etkilenmeyen bitki türleridir. Hiperakümülatörlerin diğer bitki türlerinden farkı yüksek hızda ağır metal alınımı yapmaları, bu ağır metalleri köklerden gövde ve yapraklara etkili bir şekilde taşımaları ve ağır metaller yapraklarda detoksifiye etmeleridir. Hiperakümülasyon yeteneğinin temelinde, aslında hiperakümülatör olmayan bitkilerde de bulunan bazı genlerin farklı şekilde ekspresyonu ve regüle edilmesi yatmaktadır. Ayrıca hiperakümülatör bitkilerin topraktan etkili bir şekilde absorbe ettiği ağır metallerin bir kısmı canlılar için esansiyeldir. Bu çalışmada hiperakümülatör bitkilerin genel özellikleri, fitoremediasyon kapasitesi ve tipleri ile bu bitkilerin fitomadencilik alanında kullanılabilirliği literatür bilgilerinden faydalanılarak tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ağır metal
• detoksifikasyon
• fitoremediasyon
• fitomadencilik
• hiperakümülatör

Kaynakça

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