The Future of Phage-Mediated Biocontrol of Tomato Bacterial Diseases

Öz

Phytopathogenic bacteria cause significant economic losses in tomato production. Tomato bacterial spot, speck, wilt and cancer disease agents are the most important phytopathogens that cause damage to tomatoes. Chemical methods have been generally used to control these diseases. However, the disadvantages of chemicals like development of resistance in bacterial strains, damage to non-target microorganisms and undesirable effects on the environment have increased the interest in alternative control strategies for sustainable agriculture. The use of bacteriophages, virus infecting bacteria, provides a remarkable alternative in controlling bacterial diseases of tomato. On the other hand, phage-mediated control strategies have three main limitations which are emergence of resistance in bacteria, stability during storage and persistence in the environment. The development of resistance can be mitigated or prevented using phage cocktails. In addition, encapsulation methods such as lyophilization (freeze-drying), emulsification and spray drying can be used for prolonging shelf life and increase the efficacy in field conditions. Studies on the use of phages against tomato bacterial diseases remained mostly as laboratory experiments, and except AgriPhage, a commercialized product, there is no product that can be used to treat diseases under field conditions. The use of eco-friendly products based on bacteriophages is very important for sustainable agriculture. This review compiled information on useful formulation of phage and phages identified in combating four tomato bacterial diseases which was determined as bacterial canker, bacterial speck, bacterial wilt and bacterial spot.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Phytopathogenic bacteria
• bacteriophage
• formulation
• biocontrol
• tomato diseases

Domates bakteriyel hastalıklarının faj aracılı biyokontrolünün geleceği

Öz

Fitopatojenik bakteriler domates üretiminde önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Domates bakteriyel leke, benek, solgunluk ve kanser hastalığı etkenleri, domateslere zarar veren en önemli fitopatojenlerdir. Bu hastalıkları kontrol altına almak için genellikle kimyasal yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Ancak kimyasalların bakteri suşlarında direnç geliştirmesi, hedef olmayan mikroorganizmalara verdiği zararlar ve çevre üzerindeki istenmeyen etkileri gibi dezavantajları, sürdürülebilir tarım için alternatif mücadele stratejilerine olan ilgiyi artırmıştır. Bakteriyofajların kullanımı, domatesi bakteriyel hastalıklarının kontrolünde dikkate değer bir alternatif sunmaktadır. Öte yandan, faj aracılı kontrol stratejilerinin, bakterilerde direncin ortaya çıkması, depolama sırasında stabilite ve çevrede kalıcılık olmak üzere üç ana sınırlaması vardır. Direnç gelişimi, faj kokteylleri kullanılarak hafifletilebilir veya önlenebilir. Ayrıca liyofilizasyon (dondurarak kurutma), emülsifikasyon ve sprey kurutma gibi enkapsülasyon yöntemleri de saha koşullarında raf ömrünü uzatmak ve etkinliği artırmak için kullanılabilir. Fajların domates bakteriyel hastalıklarına karşı kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar daha çok laboratuvar deneyleri olarak kalmış ve ticarileştirilmiş bir ürün olan Agriphage dışında tarla koşullarında hastalıkları tedavi etmek için kullanılabilecek bir ürün bulunmamaktadır. Sürdürülebilir tarım için bakteriyofaj bazlı çevre dostu ürünlerin kullanımı oldukça önemlidir. Bu derlemede bakteriyel kanser, bakteriyel benek, bakteriyel solgunluk ve bakteriyel leke olarak belirlenen dört domates bakteriyel hastalığıyla mücadelede tanımlanan faj ve fajların faydalı formülasyonu hakkında bilgiler derlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fitopatojenik bakteriler
• bakteriyofaj
• formülasyon
• biyokontrol
• domates hastalıkları

Kaynakça

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