EVALUATION OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES USING GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS AND SPHERICAL FUZZY AHP

Öz

The study of the business environment and the environmental factors is essential for businesses to analyze the opportunities and threats that businesses could face and select the best environment to invest and operate in. It is of equal necessity to governments too, so that the best environment could be provided for the local businesses to nourish and to attract international investors. The aim of this study is to compare and rank the business environments in OECD countries by considering fifteen environmental factors that affect businesses using the grey relational analysis (GRA) methodology. These factors consist of multiple ease of doing business indexes, governance indexes, and human capital index. The results of the study show that, the countries with the best performance in the aforementioned aspects were New Zealand, Denmark and Norway, while Mexico ranked last among the OECD countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Business Environment
• Grey Relational Analysis (GRA)
• OECD countries
• Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM)

GRİ İLİŞKİSEL ANALİZ ve Küresel Bulanık AHP YÖNTEMLERİYLE OECD ÜLKELERİNİN İŞ ORTAMLARININ DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

İş ortamının ve çevresel faktörlerin incelenmesi, işletmelerin karşılaşabilecekleri fırsatları ve tehditleri analiz etmeleri ve yatırım yapmak ve faaliyet göstermek için en iyi ortamı seçmeleri için esastır. Yerel işletmelerin ve uluslararası yatırımcılar için cazip ve verimli ortamın sağlanabilmesi için hükümetler hükümetler açısından da eşit derecede gereklidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gri ilişkisel analiz (GRA) metodolojisini kullanarak işletmeleri etkileyen on beş çevresel faktörü dikkate alarak OECD ülkelerindeki iş ortamlarını karşılaştırmak ve sıralamaktır. Bu faktörler, iş yapma kolaylığı indeksi, yönetişim indeksi ve insani sermaye indeksinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda en iyi performansı gösteren ülkeler Yeni Zilanda, Danimarka ve Norveç ülkeleri ve en düşük performansı gösteren ülke de Meksika ülkesi olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İş Ortamı
• Gri İlişkisel Analizi (GİA)
• OECD Ülkeleri
• Çok Kriterli Karar Verme (ÇKKV)

Kaynakça

1. Adepoju, U. (2017) ‘Ease of doing business and economic growth’.
2. Brito, T.B. et al. (2010) ‘Discrete event simulation combined with multi-criteria decision analysis applied to steel plant logistics system planning’, in. Proceedings of the 2010 Winter Simulation Conference, IEEE, pp. 2126–2137.
3. Canare, T. (2018) ‘The Effect of Ease of Doing Business on Firm Creation’, ANNALS OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE, 19–2, pp. 555–584.
4. Çömez, G. and Bi̇ngöl, U. (2019) ‘İş Yapma Kolaylığı Ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım İlişkisi: Türkiye-Seçilmiş Sahraaltı Afrika Ülkeleri Panel Veri Analizi’, Journal of Yasar University, p. 8.
5. Corcoran, A. and Gillanders, R. (2015) ‘Foreign direct investment and the ease of doing business’, Review of world economics, 151(1), pp. 103–126.
6. Deng, Z. (1982) ‘Fuzzy pseudo-metric spaces’, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 86(1), pp. 74–95.
7. Djankov, S., Georgieva, D. and Ramalho, R. (2018) ‘Business regulations and poverty’, Economics Letters, 165, pp. 82–87. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.02.002.
8. Doğan Çalışkan, Z. (2019) ‘Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve İş Yapma Kolaylığı: Türkiye Örneği’, Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 3(1), pp. 105–112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.554551.

9. Dvorský, J. et al. (2020) ‘Quality of business environment of the SME: A sectoral view’, Communications-Scientific Letters of the University of Zilina [Preprint].
10. Haidar, J.I. (2012) ‘The impact of business regulatory reforms on economic growth’, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 26(3), pp. 285–307. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2012.05.004.
11. Henisz, W.J. (2000) ‘The Institutional Environment for Economic Growth’, Economics and Politics, 12(1), pp. 1–31. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0343.00066.
12. Hossain, M.T. et al. (2018) ‘Ease of Doing Business and Its Impact on Inward FDI’, Indonesian Journal of Management and Business Economics, 1(1), p. 52. Available at: https://doi.org/10.32455/ijmbe.v1i1.52.
13. Huang, I.B., Keisler, J. and Linkov, I. (2011) ‘Multi-criteria decision analysis in environmental sciences: Ten years of applications and trends’, Science of the total environment, 409(19), pp. 3578–3594.
14. Ilgin, M.A., Gupta, S.M. and Battaïa, O. (2015) ‘Use of MCDM techniques in environmentally conscious manufacturing and product recovery: State of the art’, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37, pp. 746–758.
15. Ju-Long, D. (1982) ‘Control problems of grey systems’, Systems & control letters, 1(5), pp. 288–294.
16. Kaufmann, D. and Kraay, A. (2008) ‘Governance indicators: where are we, where should we be going?’, The World Bank Research Observer, 23(1), pp. 1–30.
17. Kennerley, M. and Neely, A. (2003) ‘Measuring performance in a changing business environment’, International journal of operations & production management [Preprint].
18. Kumar, M.P. (2020) ‘EASE OF DOING BUSINESS: A CRITICAL OVERVIEW’, AEGAEUM JOURNAL, 8(0776), p. 14.
19. Mardani, A. et al. (2015) ‘Multiple criteria decision-making techniques and their applications–a review of the literature from 2000 to 2014’, Economic research- Ekonomska istraživanja, 28(1), pp. 516–571.
20. Mohamed, E.K. and Lashine, S.H. (2003) ‘Accounting knowledge and skills and the challenges of a global business environment’, Managerial finance [Preprint].
21. Needle, D. and Burns, J. (2010) Business in context: An introduction to business and its environment. South-Western Cengage Learning Boston.
22. Pedrycz, W., Ekel, P. and Parreiras, R. (2011) Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making: models, methods and applications. John Wiley & Sons.
23. Raisinghani, M.S. (2000) ‘Knowledge management: A cognitive perspective on business and education’, American Business Review, 18(2), p. 105.
24. Thomas, M.A. (2010) ‘What do the worldwide governance indicators measure?’, The European Journal of Development Research, 22(1), pp. 31–54.
25. United Nations (2022) Human Development Index, Human Development Reports. United Nations. Available at: https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index (Accessed: 7 October 2022).
26. Vaitkevičius, S. et al. (2015) ‘Typology of human capital development in EU countries’, Procedia economics and finance, 23, pp. 1641–1648.
27. Vogiatzoglu, K. (2016) ‘Ease of Doing Business and FDI Inflows in ASEAN’, Southeast Asian Economies, 33(3), pp. 343–363. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1355/ae33-3d.
28. World Bank (2020) Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2.
29. World Bank (2020) Ease of Doing Business Score, World Bank. Available at: https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/scores (Accessed: 7 October 2022).
30. World Bank (2022) Worldwide Governance Indicators | DataBank. Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-governance-indicators (Accessed: 7 October 2022).
31. World Bank Group (2016) Doing Business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All. Washington, DC:  World Bank. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-0948-4.
32. Wu, H.-H. (2002) ‘A comparative study of using grey relational analysis in multiple attribute decision making problems’, Quality Engineering, 15(2), pp. 209–217.
33. Zhai, L.-Y., Khoo, L.-P. and Zhong, Z.-W. (2009) ‘Design concept evaluation in product development using rough sets and grey relation analysis’, Expert systems with applications, 36(3), pp. 7072–7079.