Araştırma Makalesi
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Clinical and radiological assessment of iliac crest autograft augmentation in three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5, 597 - 602, 24.10.2025

Öz

Aims: To evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of locking plate fixation with versus without intramedullary iliac crest cortical autograft augmentation in patients with three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures or fracture-dislocations, particularly in the context of osteoporotic bone and medial calcar insufficiency.
Methods: This retrospective study included 65 patients aged between 18 and 65 years treated for complex proximal humerus fractures at a single tertiary institution between 2015 and 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: those treated with locking plate fixation alone (n=47) and those treated with locking plate fixation combined with intramedullary iliac crest autograft augmentation (n=18). Functional outcomes were evaluated using range of motion (ROM), Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain at 12 months postoperatively. Radiological healing was assessed by time to union. Statistical analyses included t-tests, ANOVA, and Fisher’s exact test, with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Patients receiving iliac crest grafts (plate+graft group) demonstrated significantly improved union time and greater ROM in flexion, extension, and abduction compared to the Plate-only group (all p<0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in adduction, internal rotation, external rotation, Constant-Murley scores, or VAS pain scores (p>0.05). The mean age of patients was higher in the graft group (49.2 vs. 42.5 years; p<0.001), but this did not alter the functional outcome trends.
Conclusion: Iliac crest cortical autograft augmentation in locking plate fixation of complex proximal humerus fractures offers significant biomechanical advantages, including shorter union time and enhanced shoulder mobility in specific planes. Despite these radiological and kinematic benefits, the absence of significant differences in patient-reported outcomes suggests a functional ceiling effect, where improvements in structural stability do not necessarily correlate with perceived clinical benefit. These findings support the selective use of autografts, particularly in fractures with medial calcar deficiency, while also emphasizing the need for individualized rehabilitation protocols and longer-term follow-up to determine the full clinical value of graft augmentation.

Etik Beyan

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the local ethics body, specifically the Ankara Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee. Date and number: May 8, 2024 / 106-2024

Destekleyen Kurum

The present work did not receive any external support.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to extend their heartfelt appreciation to Efe AKKUŞ for her invaluable support and assistance during the development of this study. Although she does not satisfy the criteria for authorship, her contributions to the organization and coordination of data were greatly valued.

Kaynakça

  • Taskesen A, Göçer A, Uzel K, Yaradılmış YU. Effect of osteoporosis on proximal humerus fractures. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2020;11: 2151459320985399. doi:10.1177/2151459320985399
  • Roux A, Decroocq L, El Batti S, et al. Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures managed in a trauma center. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012;98(6):715-719. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2012.05.013
  • Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72(4):365-371. doi:10.1080/000164701753542023
  • Baker HP, Gutbrod J, Cahill M, Shi L. Optimal treatment of proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: risks and management challenges. Orthop Res Rev. 2023;15:129-137. doi:10.2147/ORR.S340536
  • Rotman D, Giladi O, Senderey AB, et al. Mortality after complex displaced proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients: conservative versus operative treatment with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2018;9:2151459318795241. doi:10.1177/ 2151459318795241
  • Cucchi D, Walter SG, Baumgartner T, et al. Poor midterm clinical outcomes and a high percentage of unsatisfying results are reported after seizure-related shoulder injuries, especially after posterior proximal humerus fracture-dislocations. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2024;33(6):1340-1351. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2023.09.023
  • Baker HP, Gutbrod J, Strelzow JA, Maassen NH, Shi L. Management of proximal humerus fractures in adults-a scoping review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6140. doi:10.3390/jcm11206140
  • Ma H, Sun J, Ma X, et al. Retrospective analysis of open reduction and locking plate fixation in three and four part proximal humeral fractures with efficacy and complications. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):23081. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07119-x
  • Jabran A, Peach C, Ren L. Biomechanical analysis of plate systems for proximal humerus fractures: a systematic literature review. Biomed Eng Online. 2018;17(1):47. doi:10.1186/s12938-018-0479-3
  • Marsell R, Einhorn TA. The biology of fracture healing. Injury. 2011; 42(6):551-555. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031
  • Ghiasi MS, Chen J, Vaziri A, Rodriguez EK, Nazarian A. Bone fracture healing in mechanobiological modeling: a review of principles and methods. Bone Rep. 2017;6:87-100. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2017.03.002
  • Mohanty S, Patro BP, Behera SHP, Mohanty CR. Complications and difficulties encountered in the management of a neglected osteoporotic proximal humerus fracture. J Orthop Case Rep. 2022;12(3):5-8. doi:10. 13107/jocr.2022.v12.i03.2692
  • Hsiao CK, Tsai YJ, Yen CY, Lee CH, Yang TY, Tu YK. Intramedullary cortical bone strut improves the cyclic stability of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):64. doi:10. 1186/s12891-017-1421-8
  • Liu N, Wang BG, Zhang LF. Treatment of proximal humeral fractures accompanied by medial calcar fractures using fibular autografts: a retrospective, comparative cohort study. World J Clin Cases. 2023;11(27): 6363-6373. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i27.6363
  • Hung CY, Yeh CY, Wen PC, Yeh WL, Lin SJ. The effect of medial calcar support on proximal humeral fractures treated with locking plates. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):467. doi:10.1186/s13018-022-03337-5
  • Kavuri V, Bowden B, Kumar N, Cerynik D. Complications associated with locking plate of proximal humerus fractures. Indian J Orthop. 2018;52(2):108-116. doi:10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_243_17
  • Cosic F, Kirzner N, Edwards E, Page R, Kimmel L, Gabbe B. Factors associated with failure of locking plate fixation in proximal humerus fractures. Injury. 2025;56(2):112024. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2024.112024
  • Güven MF, Yavuz U, Ulutaş S, Deger GU, Özer M, Davulcu CD. Mid- to long-term outcomes of proximal humerus fractures treated with open reduction, plate fixation, and iliac bone autograft augmentation. Açık redüksiyon, plak fiksasyonu ve iliak kemik otogreft augmentasyonu ile tedavi edilen proksimal humerus kırıklarının orta-uzun dönem sonuçları. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2024;30(7):518-524. doi:10. 14744/tjtes.2024.74422
  • Etemad-Rezaie A, Dienes S, Gohal C, et al. Bone grafting augmentation choices in complex proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review. J Orthop. 2024;59:97-105. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2024.07.017
  • Qin K, Liu C, Zhao L, Wang Y. Intramedullary plating of complex proximal humerus fractures: a case series-letter to editor. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2024;12(12):874-875. doi:10.22038/ABJS.2024.81804.3727
  • Rollo G, Rotini R, Pichierri P, et al. Grafting and fixation of proximal humeral aseptic non union: a prospective case series. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2017;14(3):298-304. doi:10.11138/ccmbm/2017.14.3.298
  • Kim SH, Lee YH, Chung SW, et al. Outcomes for four-part proximal humerus fractures treated with a locking compression plate and an autologous iliac bone impaction graft. Injury. 2012;43(10):1724-1731. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.06.029
  • Cheng HY, Liang CW, Wang JH, et al. The effects of augmentation choices for locking plate fixation in proximal humerus fracture osteosynthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Traumatol. 2025;26(1):47. doi:10.1186/s10195-025-00852-z
  • Jacxsens M, Schmid J, Zdravkovic V, Jost B, Spross C. Is serial radiological evaluation of one-part proximal humeral fractures necessary? Bone Joint J. 2019;101-B(10):1307-1312. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.101B10.BJJ-2019-0349.R1
  • Lim JH, Hwang J, Kim S, Kim MS. Clinical and radiographic results of locking plate with medial support screw in proximal humerus fracture- the more, the better? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):580. doi:10. 1186/s12891-024-07700-x
  • Kotler JA, Zuppke JN, Abraham VM, et al. Biomechanical analysis of combined medial calcar and lateral locked plating versus ısolated lateral locked plating of proximal humerus fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2023; 37(9):e355-e360. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000002619
  • Krappinger D, Bizzotto N, Riedmann S, Kammerlander C, Hengg C, Kralinger FS. Predicting failure after surgical fixation of proximal humerus fractures. Injury. 2011;42(11):1283-1288. doi:10.1016/j.injury. 2011.01.017
  • Spross C, Grueninger P, Gohil S, Dietrich M. Open reduction and ınternal fixation of fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2015;5(3):e15. doi:10.2106/JBJS.ST.N.00106
  • Jung SW, Shim SB, Kim HM, Lee JH, Lim HS. Factors that influence reduction loss in proximal humerus fracture surgery. J Orthop Trauma. 2015;29(6):276-282. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000252

Üç veya dört parçalı proksimal humerus kırıklarında iliak krest otogreft augmentasyonunun klinik ve radyolojik değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5, 597 - 602, 24.10.2025

Öz

Amaç: Osteoporotik kemik ve medial calcar yetersizliği bağlamında, üç ve dört parçalı proksimal humerus kırıkları veya kırıklı çıkıklarında intramedüller iliak krista kortikal otogreft augmentasyonu ile birlikte veya sadece kilitli plak fiksasyonu yapılan hastaların klinik ve radyolojik sonuçlarını değerlendirmek.
Yöntemler: Bu retrospektif çalışma, 2015–2023 yılları arasında tek bir üçüncü basamak sağlık kurumunda kompleks proksimal humerus kırığı nedeniyle tedavi edilen, yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında değişen 65 hastayı kapsamaktadır. Hastalar iki gruba ayrıldı: yalnızca kilitli plakla tedavi edilenler (n=47) ve kilitli plakla birlikte intramedüller iliak krista otogreft augmentasyonu yapılanlar (n=18). Fonksiyonel sonuçlar; hareket açıklığı (ROM), Constant-Murley Omuz Skoru ve ameliyattan 12 ay sonra Görsel Analog Skala (VAS) ile ağrı değerlendirmesi kullanılarak ölçüldü. Radyolojik iyileşme, kaynama süresi ile değerlendirildi. İstatistiksel analizlerde t-testi, ANOVA ve Fisher’ın kesin testi kullanıldı; p < 0.05 anlamlı kabul edildi.
Bulgular:İliak krista grefti uygulanan hastalar (Plak+Greft grubu), yalnızca plak kullanılan gruba göre anlamlı derecede daha kısa kaynama süresi ve fleksiyon, ekstansiyon ve abduksiyon hareketlerinde daha geniş hareket açıklığı gösterdi (tümü için p < 0.001). Ancak, adduksiyon, internal rotasyon, eksternal rotasyon, Constant-Murley skorları ve VAS ağrı skorlarında gruplar arasında anlamlı fark bulunmadı (p > 0.05). Greft grubundaki hastaların yaş ortalaması daha yüksekti (49.2 vs. 42.5 yıl; p < 0.001), ancak bu durum fonksiyonel sonuç eğilimlerini değiştirmedi.
Sonuç:Kompleks proksimal humerus kırıklarının kilitli plak fiksasyonunda iliak krista kortikal otogreft augmentasyonu, daha kısa kaynama süresi ve belirli hareket düzlemlerinde omuz mobilitesinde artış gibi önemli biyomekanik avantajlar sağlar. Bununla birlikte, hasta tarafından bildirilen sonuçlarda anlamlı fark olmaması, yapısal stabilitedeki iyileşmenin klinik algıya her zaman yansımayabileceğini (fonksiyonel tavan etkisi) göstermektedir. Bu bulgular, özellikle medial calcar yetersizliği olan kırıklarda otogreftlerin seçici kullanımını desteklerken, bireyselleştirilmiş rehabilitasyon protokollerine ve greft augmentasyonunun tam klinik değerini belirlemek için uzun dönemli izleme gereksinimine dikkat çekmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi'nde belirtilen ilkelere uygun olarak yürütülmüş ve yerel etik kuruldan, özellikle Ankara Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan onay alınmıştır. Tarih ve sayı: 8 Mayıs 2024 / 106-2024

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma herhangi bir dış destek almamıştır.

Teşekkür

Yazarlar, bu çalışmanın geliştirilmesi sırasındaki paha biçilmez desteği ve yardımları için Efe AKKUŞ'a en içten teşekkürlerini sunarlar. Yazarlık kriterlerini karşılamasa da, verilerin düzenlenmesi ve koordinasyonuna yaptığı katkılar büyük bir değer taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Taskesen A, Göçer A, Uzel K, Yaradılmış YU. Effect of osteoporosis on proximal humerus fractures. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2020;11: 2151459320985399. doi:10.1177/2151459320985399
  • Roux A, Decroocq L, El Batti S, et al. Epidemiology of proximal humerus fractures managed in a trauma center. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012;98(6):715-719. doi:10.1016/j.otsr.2012.05.013
  • Court-Brown CM, Garg A, McQueen MM. The epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72(4):365-371. doi:10.1080/000164701753542023
  • Baker HP, Gutbrod J, Cahill M, Shi L. Optimal treatment of proximal humeral fractures in the elderly: risks and management challenges. Orthop Res Rev. 2023;15:129-137. doi:10.2147/ORR.S340536
  • Rotman D, Giladi O, Senderey AB, et al. Mortality after complex displaced proximal humerus fractures in elderly patients: conservative versus operative treatment with reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil. 2018;9:2151459318795241. doi:10.1177/ 2151459318795241
  • Cucchi D, Walter SG, Baumgartner T, et al. Poor midterm clinical outcomes and a high percentage of unsatisfying results are reported after seizure-related shoulder injuries, especially after posterior proximal humerus fracture-dislocations. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2024;33(6):1340-1351. doi:10.1016/j.jse.2023.09.023
  • Baker HP, Gutbrod J, Strelzow JA, Maassen NH, Shi L. Management of proximal humerus fractures in adults-a scoping review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6140. doi:10.3390/jcm11206140
  • Ma H, Sun J, Ma X, et al. Retrospective analysis of open reduction and locking plate fixation in three and four part proximal humeral fractures with efficacy and complications. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):23081. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07119-x
  • Jabran A, Peach C, Ren L. Biomechanical analysis of plate systems for proximal humerus fractures: a systematic literature review. Biomed Eng Online. 2018;17(1):47. doi:10.1186/s12938-018-0479-3
  • Marsell R, Einhorn TA. The biology of fracture healing. Injury. 2011; 42(6):551-555. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.031
  • Ghiasi MS, Chen J, Vaziri A, Rodriguez EK, Nazarian A. Bone fracture healing in mechanobiological modeling: a review of principles and methods. Bone Rep. 2017;6:87-100. doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2017.03.002
  • Mohanty S, Patro BP, Behera SHP, Mohanty CR. Complications and difficulties encountered in the management of a neglected osteoporotic proximal humerus fracture. J Orthop Case Rep. 2022;12(3):5-8. doi:10. 13107/jocr.2022.v12.i03.2692
  • Hsiao CK, Tsai YJ, Yen CY, Lee CH, Yang TY, Tu YK. Intramedullary cortical bone strut improves the cyclic stability of osteoporotic proximal humeral fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18(1):64. doi:10. 1186/s12891-017-1421-8
  • Liu N, Wang BG, Zhang LF. Treatment of proximal humeral fractures accompanied by medial calcar fractures using fibular autografts: a retrospective, comparative cohort study. World J Clin Cases. 2023;11(27): 6363-6373. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i27.6363
  • Hung CY, Yeh CY, Wen PC, Yeh WL, Lin SJ. The effect of medial calcar support on proximal humeral fractures treated with locking plates. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):467. doi:10.1186/s13018-022-03337-5
  • Kavuri V, Bowden B, Kumar N, Cerynik D. Complications associated with locking plate of proximal humerus fractures. Indian J Orthop. 2018;52(2):108-116. doi:10.4103/ortho.IJOrtho_243_17
  • Cosic F, Kirzner N, Edwards E, Page R, Kimmel L, Gabbe B. Factors associated with failure of locking plate fixation in proximal humerus fractures. Injury. 2025;56(2):112024. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2024.112024
  • Güven MF, Yavuz U, Ulutaş S, Deger GU, Özer M, Davulcu CD. Mid- to long-term outcomes of proximal humerus fractures treated with open reduction, plate fixation, and iliac bone autograft augmentation. Açık redüksiyon, plak fiksasyonu ve iliak kemik otogreft augmentasyonu ile tedavi edilen proksimal humerus kırıklarının orta-uzun dönem sonuçları. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2024;30(7):518-524. doi:10. 14744/tjtes.2024.74422
  • Etemad-Rezaie A, Dienes S, Gohal C, et al. Bone grafting augmentation choices in complex proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review. J Orthop. 2024;59:97-105. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2024.07.017
  • Qin K, Liu C, Zhao L, Wang Y. Intramedullary plating of complex proximal humerus fractures: a case series-letter to editor. Arch Bone Jt Surg. 2024;12(12):874-875. doi:10.22038/ABJS.2024.81804.3727
  • Rollo G, Rotini R, Pichierri P, et al. Grafting and fixation of proximal humeral aseptic non union: a prospective case series. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2017;14(3):298-304. doi:10.11138/ccmbm/2017.14.3.298
  • Kim SH, Lee YH, Chung SW, et al. Outcomes for four-part proximal humerus fractures treated with a locking compression plate and an autologous iliac bone impaction graft. Injury. 2012;43(10):1724-1731. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2012.06.029
  • Cheng HY, Liang CW, Wang JH, et al. The effects of augmentation choices for locking plate fixation in proximal humerus fracture osteosynthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Traumatol. 2025;26(1):47. doi:10.1186/s10195-025-00852-z
  • Jacxsens M, Schmid J, Zdravkovic V, Jost B, Spross C. Is serial radiological evaluation of one-part proximal humeral fractures necessary? Bone Joint J. 2019;101-B(10):1307-1312. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.101B10.BJJ-2019-0349.R1
  • Lim JH, Hwang J, Kim S, Kim MS. Clinical and radiographic results of locking plate with medial support screw in proximal humerus fracture- the more, the better? BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2024;25(1):580. doi:10. 1186/s12891-024-07700-x
  • Kotler JA, Zuppke JN, Abraham VM, et al. Biomechanical analysis of combined medial calcar and lateral locked plating versus ısolated lateral locked plating of proximal humerus fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2023; 37(9):e355-e360. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000002619
  • Krappinger D, Bizzotto N, Riedmann S, Kammerlander C, Hengg C, Kralinger FS. Predicting failure after surgical fixation of proximal humerus fractures. Injury. 2011;42(11):1283-1288. doi:10.1016/j.injury. 2011.01.017
  • Spross C, Grueninger P, Gohil S, Dietrich M. Open reduction and ınternal fixation of fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. JBJS Essent Surg Tech. 2015;5(3):e15. doi:10.2106/JBJS.ST.N.00106
  • Jung SW, Shim SB, Kim HM, Lee JH, Lim HS. Factors that influence reduction loss in proximal humerus fracture surgery. J Orthop Trauma. 2015;29(6):276-282. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000252
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ortopedi
Bölüm Research Articles [en] Araştırma Makaleleri [tr]
Yazarlar

Eralp Erdogan 0000-0002-4292-3837

Zafer Güneş 0000-0001-7501-0180

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Ekim 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

AMA Erdogan E, Güneş Z. Clinical and radiological assessment of iliac crest autograft augmentation in three- and four-part proximal humerus fractures. J Med Palliat Care / JOMPAC / Jompac. Ekim 2025;6(5):597-602.

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