Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 308 - 323, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55930/jonas.1770442

Öz

This study develops, calibrates, and validates a SWAT2012 hydrological model for the Arıt Stream sub-basin in Bartın Province, Türkiye, to provide a reproducible baseline for analyzing streamflow regime and basin water balance under current and changing climate conditions. The model was set up in QGIS using the QSWAT interface, supported by a 25 m DEM, CORINE 2018 land use/land cover data, and FAO-based soil information. Daily precipitation and maximum–minimum temperature records for 2010–2023 were used as meteorological forcing, and potential evapotranspiration was computed using the Penman–Monteith method. Simulations were performed at a daily time step for 2010–2023, with 2010–2011 reserved as a warm-up period and model evaluation carried out at a monthly scale. Monthly outlet discharge (FLOW_OUT) at the Darıören gauging station (DSİ D13A049) was compared with observations, and calibration/validation were conducted in SWAT-CUP using the SUFI 2 algorithm. To account for the small difference between the modeled drainage area (≈130 km²) and the reported gauge drainage area (137 km²), observed discharges were scaled by the area ratio 130/137 (=0.95). Model performance yielded NSE=0.79, R²=0.84, KGE=0.71, RSR=0.46 and PBIAS=−16.9% for the calibration period (2012–2018), and NSE=0.78, R²=0.83, KGE=0.70, RSR=0.47 and PBIAS=−20.9% for the validation period (2019–2023). The negative PBIAS values indicate a tendency to overestimate mean discharge; however, the model reproduces the observed seasonal pattern and provides a consistent basis for future scenario analyses and water resources assessments in the Bartın region.

Kaynakça

  • Althoff, D., Rodrigues, L. N. (2021). Goodness-of-fit criteria for hydrological models: Model calibration and performance assessment. Journal of Hydrology, 600, 126674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126674 SCiNiTO
  • Arnold, J. G., & Allen, P. M. (1996). Estimating hydrologic budgets for three Illinois watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 176(1–4), 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02782-3 ScienceDirectSCIRP
  • Bieger, K., Arnold, J. G., Rathjens, H., White, M. J., Bosch, D. D., Allen, P. M., Volk, M., Srinivasan, R. (2017). Introduction to SWAT+, a completely restructured version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 53(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12482 Wiley Online Libraryswat.tamu.edu
  • Çitakoğlu, H., Çetin, M., Çobaner, M., Haktanır, T. (2017). Modeling of seasonal precipitation with geostatistical techniques and its estimation at ungauged locations. Teknik Dergi, 28, 7725–7745. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.299132 AgriFood Science
  • Dile, Y. T., Daggupati, P., George, C., Srinivasan, R., Arnold, J. G. (2016). Introducing a new open-source GIS user interface for the SWAT model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 85, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.08.004 ScienceDirect
  • Duru, U., Arabi, M., Wohl, E. E. (2018). Modeling stream flow and sediment yield using the SWAT model: a case study of Ankara River basin, Turkey. Physical Geography, 39(3), 264-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2017.1342199
  • Garcia, X., Estrada, L., Llorente, O., & Acuña, V. (2024). Assessing small hydropower viability in water-scarce regions: Environmental flow and climate change impacts using a SWAT+-based tool. Environmental Sciences Europe, 36, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-024-00938-1 SpringerOpenSpringerLink
  • Kışlıoğlu, H. E., Bekaroğlu, Ş. Ş., Dadaser-Çelik, F. (2024). Hydrological modelling in the Southern Marmara Basin using SWAT+. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 12(3), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1473890 avesis.erciyes.edu.trDergiPark
  • Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M. W., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R. D., Veith, T. L. (2007). Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50(3), 885–900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153 elibrary.asabe.org
  • Özdemir, A., Volk, M., Strauch, M., Witing, F. (2024). The effects of climate change on streamflow, nitrogen loads, and crop yields in the Gördes Dam Basin, Turkey. Water, 16(10), 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101371 MDPIufz.de
  • Peker, İ. B., Cüceloğlu, G. (2022). SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) modeline genel bir bakış ve modelin Türkiye’deki uygulamaları (2008–2022) [An overview of the SWAT model and its applications in Türkiye (2008–2022)]. Çevre, İklim ve Sürdürülebilirlik, 1(1), 9–26. ResearchGateDergiPark
  • Üneş, F., Bölük, O., Kaya, Y. Z., Taşar, B., Varçin, H. (2018). Estimation of rainfall–runoff relationship using artificial neural network models for Muskegon Basin. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 5(12), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.12.28 ijeab.com

Türkiye, Arıt Çayı Havzasında SWAT ile Hidrolojik Modelleme ve Kalibrasyon

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 308 - 323, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.55930/jonas.1770442

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin Bartın İli Arıt Çayı alt havzası için bir SWAT2012 hidrolojik modeli geliştirmekte, kalibre etmekte ve doğrulamaktadır, bu şekilde mevcut ve değişen iklim koşulları altında akış ve havza su bütçesi analizleri için tekrarlanabilir bir temel sağlamaktadır. Model, QGIS ortamında QSWAT arayüzü kullanılarak kurulmuş, 25 m DEM, CORINE 2018 arazi kullanımı/arazi örtüsü verileri ve FAO temelli toprak bilgileri ile desteklenmiştir. 2010–2023 dönemine ait günlük yağış ile maksimum–minimum sıcaklık kayıtları meteorolojik girdi olarak kullanılmış ve potansiyel evapotranspirasyon Penman–Monteith yöntemiyle hesaplanmıştır. Simülasyonlar 2010–2023 dönemi için günlük zaman adımında gerçekleştirilmiş, 2010–2011 dönemi ısınma periyodu olarak ayrılmış ve model değerlendirmesi aylık ölçekte yürütülmüştür. Darıören ölçüm istasyonundaki (DSİ D13A049) aylık çıkış debisi gözlemlerle karşılaştırılmış ve kalibrasyon/doğrulama işlemleri SWAT-CUP içerisinde SUFI-2 algoritması kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Modellenen drenaj alanı (≈130 km²) ile istasyon için bildirilen drenaj alanı (137 km²) arasındaki küçük farkı hesaba katmak için, gözlenen debiler alan oranı 130/137 (=0.95) ile ölçeklendirilmiştir. Model performansı kalibrasyon dönemi (2012–2018) için NSE=0.79, R²=0.84, KGE=0.71, RSR=0.46 ve PBIAS=−16.9%; doğrulama dönemi (2019–2023) için ise NSE=0.78, R²=0.83, KGE=0.70, RSR=0.47 ve PBIAS=−20.9% değerlerini vermiştir. Negatif PBIAS değerleri, ortalama debiyi olduğundan fazla tahmin etme eğilimine işaret etmektedir, ancak model, gözlenen mevsimsel deseni yeniden üretmekte ve Bartın bölgesinde gelecekteki senaryo analizleri ile su kaynakları değerlendirmeleri için tutarlı bir temel sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Althoff, D., Rodrigues, L. N. (2021). Goodness-of-fit criteria for hydrological models: Model calibration and performance assessment. Journal of Hydrology, 600, 126674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126674 SCiNiTO
  • Arnold, J. G., & Allen, P. M. (1996). Estimating hydrologic budgets for three Illinois watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 176(1–4), 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02782-3 ScienceDirectSCIRP
  • Bieger, K., Arnold, J. G., Rathjens, H., White, M. J., Bosch, D. D., Allen, P. M., Volk, M., Srinivasan, R. (2017). Introduction to SWAT+, a completely restructured version of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 53(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12482 Wiley Online Libraryswat.tamu.edu
  • Çitakoğlu, H., Çetin, M., Çobaner, M., Haktanır, T. (2017). Modeling of seasonal precipitation with geostatistical techniques and its estimation at ungauged locations. Teknik Dergi, 28, 7725–7745. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.299132 AgriFood Science
  • Dile, Y. T., Daggupati, P., George, C., Srinivasan, R., Arnold, J. G. (2016). Introducing a new open-source GIS user interface for the SWAT model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 85, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.08.004 ScienceDirect
  • Duru, U., Arabi, M., Wohl, E. E. (2018). Modeling stream flow and sediment yield using the SWAT model: a case study of Ankara River basin, Turkey. Physical Geography, 39(3), 264-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2017.1342199
  • Garcia, X., Estrada, L., Llorente, O., & Acuña, V. (2024). Assessing small hydropower viability in water-scarce regions: Environmental flow and climate change impacts using a SWAT+-based tool. Environmental Sciences Europe, 36, 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-024-00938-1 SpringerOpenSpringerLink
  • Kışlıoğlu, H. E., Bekaroğlu, Ş. Ş., Dadaser-Çelik, F. (2024). Hydrological modelling in the Southern Marmara Basin using SWAT+. Journal of Engineering Sciences and Design, 12(3), 531–543. https://doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1473890 avesis.erciyes.edu.trDergiPark
  • Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M. W., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R. D., Veith, T. L. (2007). Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50(3), 885–900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153 elibrary.asabe.org
  • Özdemir, A., Volk, M., Strauch, M., Witing, F. (2024). The effects of climate change on streamflow, nitrogen loads, and crop yields in the Gördes Dam Basin, Turkey. Water, 16(10), 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101371 MDPIufz.de
  • Peker, İ. B., Cüceloğlu, G. (2022). SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) modeline genel bir bakış ve modelin Türkiye’deki uygulamaları (2008–2022) [An overview of the SWAT model and its applications in Türkiye (2008–2022)]. Çevre, İklim ve Sürdürülebilirlik, 1(1), 9–26. ResearchGateDergiPark
  • Üneş, F., Bölük, O., Kaya, Y. Z., Taşar, B., Varçin, H. (2018). Estimation of rainfall–runoff relationship using artificial neural network models for Muskegon Basin. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 5(12), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.5.12.28 ijeab.com
Toplam 12 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yer Bilimleri ve Jeoloji Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hamed Mardanshahi Bu kişi benim

Ercan Gemici

Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mardanshahi, H., & Gemici, E. (2025). Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.55930/jonas.1770442
AMA Mardanshahi H, Gemici E. Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye. JONAS. Aralık 2025;8(2):308-323. doi:10.55930/jonas.1770442
Chicago Mardanshahi, Hamed, ve Ercan Gemici. “Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye”. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 8, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 308-23. https://doi.org/10.55930/jonas.1770442.
EndNote Mardanshahi H, Gemici E (01 Aralık 2025) Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 8 2 308–323.
IEEE H. Mardanshahi ve E. Gemici, “Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye”, JONAS, c. 8, sy. 2, ss. 308–323, 2025, doi: 10.55930/jonas.1770442.
ISNAD Mardanshahi, Hamed - Gemici, Ercan. “Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye”. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 8/2 (Aralık2025), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.55930/jonas.1770442.
JAMA Mardanshahi H, Gemici E. Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye. JONAS. 2025;8:308–323.
MLA Mardanshahi, Hamed ve Ercan Gemici. “Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye”. Bartın University International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, c. 8, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 308-23, doi:10.55930/jonas.1770442.
Vancouver Mardanshahi H, Gemici E. Hydrological Modeling and Calibration with Swat in the Arıt Stream Basin, Türkiye. JONAS. 2025;8(2):308-23.