Cinsel Taciz Algısının Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 45 - 56, 28.02.2026
Hatice Demirbaş
,
N. Refia Palabıyıkoğlu
,
Selim Hovardaoğlu
,
Zafer İlbars
,
Gökçe Şirvanlı
,
Deniz Güneş
Öz
Bu çalışmada cinsel taciz eylemlerinin verdiği rahatsızlık ve öfke algısının sanal kişi üzerinden yazılmış kısa öyküler aracılığıyla incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, tacizde bulunan, tacizin hedefi (kadın, erkek, katılımcının kendisi), sözlü ve temaslı cinsel taciz davranışı algısında farklılık olup olmadığı incelenmiştir. Yöntem: Senaryo temelli bu çalışmanın örneklemini 820 katılımcı oluşturmuştur. Veri toplamak amacıyla, 7 farklı taciz olarak nitelendirilebilecek eylemler sırasıyla; laf atma, cinsel içerikli konuşma, vücuda dokunma, vücuda sürtünme, cinsel içerikli fotoğraf gönderme, cinsel içerikli video gönderme ve cinsel içerikli mesaj gönderme eylemlerinin her biri, sanal kişi üzerinden yazılmış kısa olay cümlelerine dönüştürülmüştür. Veriler Google Form aracılığı ile farklı sosyal medya uzantıları üzerinden bireylere ulaştırılarak toplanmıştır. Analizlerde ANOVA ve Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Kadın hedefe yönelik tüm cinsel taciz eylemleri daha yüksek rahatsızlık algısı ve öfke duygusu uyandırmıştır. Erkek katılımcıların, kadın hedefe yönelik taciz eylemlerinde algıladıkları rahatsızlık algısı ve öfke duygusu, hedefin erkek ya da katılımcının kendisi olması koşullarından daha yüksektir. Kadın ve erkek katılımcılar, vücuda dokunma eylemini en yüksek rahatsızlık ve öfke duygusu uyandıran eylem olarak algılarken laf atma eylemini diğer eylemlerden daha az rahatsızlık verici olarak algılamışlardır. Hedefin erkek ve katılımcı olduğu durumlar için cinsel içerikli fotoğraf gönderme en düşük öfke algısı uyandırmıştır. Taciz edilen kişi, taciz olayını değerlendiren katılımcının cinsiyeti ve eylem türü rahatsızlık algısına yönelik varyansın %64’ünü, öfke duygusunun ise %65’ini açıklamıştır. Sonuç: Bulgular hem kadın hem de erkek katılımcıların kendi cinsiyetindeki taciz edilen kişiler ile kendileri arasında rahatsızlık algısı ve öfke duygusu açısından ayrım göstermediklerine işaret etmektedir. Taciz edilen kişinin erkek, kadın veya katılımcının kendisinin olması rahatsızlık algısı ve öfke duygusunda en belirleyici etmendir.
Etik Beyan
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Etik Komisyonu,
Araştırma Kod No:2022/123
25.04.2022-93259
Destekleyen Kurum
Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.
Kaynakça
-
Aydemir, L. (2019). Kadın tacizlerine yönelik bir tutum araştırması. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences, 3(1), 199-216. https://izlik.org/JA38XN43MS
-
Bachman, R., Zaykowski, H., Kallmyer, R., Poteyeva, M., & Lanier, C. (2008). Violence against American Indian and Alaska native women and the criminal justice response: What is known. National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223691.pdf
-
Benya, F.F., Widnall, S.E., & Johnson, P.A. (2018). Sexual harassment of women: Climate, culture, and consequences in academic sciences, engineering, and medicine. National Academic Press.
-
Blindow, K. J., Paulin, J., Hanson, L. M., Johnell, K., & Nyberg, A. (2021). Sexual and gender harassment and use of psychotropic medication among Swedish workers: a prospective cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 79(8), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2021-108087
-
Braileanu, M., Edney, E., Azar, S., Lazarow, F., Mogensen, M. A., Tuburan, S., Kadom, N., & Phalke, V. (2021). Radiology, sexual harassment, and the #Metoo movement. Academic Radiology, 28(4), 564-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.036
-
Cantor, D., Fisher, B., Chinbnall, S., Townsen, R., Lee, H.,Bruce, C., & Thomas, G. (2015). Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct. rep., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. http://www.upenn.edu/ir/surveys/AAU/Report%20and%20Tables%20on%20AAU%20Campus%20Climate%20Survey.pdf
-
Casanovas, L. V., Serra, L., Canals, C. S., Sanz-Barbero, B., Vives-Cases, C., López, M. J., Otero-García, L., Pérez, G., & Renart-Vicens, G. (2022). Prevalence of sexual harassment among young Spaniards before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown period in Spain. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Article 1888. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14264-9
-
Çelik, Y., & Çelik, S. S. (2007). Sexual harassment against nurses in Turkey. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00168.x
-
Drążkowski, D., & Ganclerz, M. (2022). Social perception of sexual harassment in informal relations. Current issues in Personality Psychology, 10(3), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.110026
-
Durmuş, E. (2013). Sexual harassment: University students’ perceptions and reactions. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 14(1), 15-30. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/92214
-
Hardies K. (2023). Prevalence and correlates of sexual harassment in professional service firms. Frontiers in PublicHealth, 10, Article 1082088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1082088
-
Hovardaoğlu, S. (1994). Davranış bilimleri için istatistik. Hatiboğlu.
-
Isaacs, D. (2018a). Sexual harassment. Journal of Pediatric Child Health,55(3), 341-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13877
-
Isaacs, D. (2018b). How to prevent bullying. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(6), 597-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13878
-
Jagsi, R., Griffith, K. A., Jones, R., Perumalswami, C. R., Ubel, P., & Stewart, A. (2016). Sexual harassment and discrimination experiences of Academic Medical Faculty. JAMA, 315(19), Article 2120. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2188
-
Lee, B.H. (2018). #Me Too movement; it is time that we all act and participate in transformation. Psychiatry Investigation,15(5), 433. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2018.04.30
-
Leemis, R. W., Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., Mercer Kollar, L. M., & Davis, J. P. (2019). Traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment: A longitudinal assessment of risk and protective factors. Aggressive Behavior, 45(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21808
-
Lipińska-Grobelny A. (2023). The impact of workplace harassment on the level of mental disorders: the moderating role of gender. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 12(3), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp/170212
-
Mensah, A., Toivanen, S., Diewald, M., Ul Hassan, M., & Nyberg, A. (2022). Workplace gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and poor mental health: Hypothesized associations in a Swedish cohort. Social Science & Medicine, 315, Article 115520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115520
-
Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M. L., & Korchmaros, J. D. (2014). Sexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(2), 280-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.008
-
Östergren, P. O., Canivet, C., & Agardh, A. (2022). One-year incidence of sexual harassment and the contribution to poor mental health in the adult general population. European Journal of Public Health, 32(3), 360-365. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab225
-
Öztürk, M. (2015). Medya ve suç korkusu arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Social Science, 36, 251-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2894
-
Polat, O., & Pakiş, I. (2012). Mobbing: İşyerinde psikolojik taciz. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 211-217. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1701311
-
Quick, J. C., & McFadyen, M. A. (2017). Sexual harassment: Have we made any progress? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000054
-
Reed, E., Wong, A., & Raj, A. (2020). Cyber sexual harassment: A summary of current measures and implications for future research. Violence Against Women, 26(12-13), 1727-1740. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219880959
-
Rihal, C. S., Baker, N. A., Bunkers, B. E., Buskirk, S. J., Caviness, J. N., Collins, E. A., Copa, J. C., Hayes, S. N., Hubert, S. L., Reed, D. A., Wendorff, S. R., Fraser, C. H., Farrugia, G., & Noseworthy, J. H. (2020). Addressing sexual harassment in the #MeToo era: An institutional approach. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(4), 749-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.12.021
-
Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D. H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 914-922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.914
Sarkar, U., Hemmat, S., & Linos, E. (2020). Sexual harassment and suicide. BMJ, 370, Article m3330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3330
-
Tenbrunsel, A. E., Rees, M. R., & Diekmann, K. A. (2019). Sexual harassment in academia: Ethical climates and bounded ethicality. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 245-270. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102945
-
Thurston, R. C., Chang, Y., Matthews, K. A., von Känel, R., & Koenen, K. (2019). Association of sexual harassment and sexual assault with midlife women’s mental and physical health. JAMA International Medicine, 79, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4886
-
Toker, Y. (2016). İşyerlerinde cinsel taciz: Kapsamı, öncülleri, sonuçları, kurumsal baş etme yöntemleri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19 (38), 1-19. https://psikolog.org.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpy1301996120160000m000035.pdf?v=1701115557
-
Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Destekleme ve Cinsel Tacizi Önleme Birimi. (2024, Kasım 27). Cinsel taciz ve saldırıya ilişkin tanım ve ilkeler. https://citob.metu.edu.tr/tr/cinsel-taciz-ve-saldiriya-iliskin-tanimlar
-
Türk Dil Kurumu. (n.d). cinsel taciz. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2024).
-
World Health Organization. (2024). World health day 2024. https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2024.
Examination of Perception of Sexual Harassment in Terms of Various Variables
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 45 - 56, 28.02.2026
Hatice Demirbaş
,
N. Refia Palabıyıkoğlu
,
Selim Hovardaoğlu
,
Zafer İlbars
,
Gökçe Şirvanlı
,
Deniz Güneş
Öz
This study investigated perceptions of discomfort and anger elicited by sexual harassment behaviors. It also investigated whether perceptions of verbal and physical sexual harassment differ according to the perpetrator and the target of the harassment (female, male, or the participant themselves). The scenario-based sample consisted of 820 participants. Seven behaviors defined as harassment; making comments, engaging in sexually explicit talk, touching and rubbing the body, sending sexual photos, sending sexually explicit videos, and sending sexual messages were presented as short scenario-based stories involving a virtual character. Data were collected via social media using Google Forms. Analyses were conducted using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results showed that all behaviors directed at female targets elicited higher levels of perceived discomfort and anger compared to male targets. Male participants reported greater discomfort and anger when the target was a woman compared to when the target was a man or participant themselves. Both female and male participants identified touching as the behavior provoking the highest levels of discomfort and anger, whereas verbal harassment such as heckling was perceived as less disturbing. For male and target participants, sending sexually explicit photos elicited the lowest anger ratings. The combined effects of target gender, participant gender, and harassment type explained 64% of the variance in discomfort perception and 65% of the variance in anger. The findings indicate that target identity is the most influential factor influencing perceived discomfort and anger. Participants did not significantly differentiate between same-gender targets and themselves in their evaluations of discomfort and anger.
Etik Beyan
Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Ethics Commission
Number:2022/123
25.04.2022-93259
Destekleyen Kurum
There is no supporting organization
Kaynakça
-
Aydemir, L. (2019). Kadın tacizlerine yönelik bir tutum araştırması. International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences, 3(1), 199-216. https://izlik.org/JA38XN43MS
-
Bachman, R., Zaykowski, H., Kallmyer, R., Poteyeva, M., & Lanier, C. (2008). Violence against American Indian and Alaska native women and the criminal justice response: What is known. National Institute of Justice. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223691.pdf
-
Benya, F.F., Widnall, S.E., & Johnson, P.A. (2018). Sexual harassment of women: Climate, culture, and consequences in academic sciences, engineering, and medicine. National Academic Press.
-
Blindow, K. J., Paulin, J., Hanson, L. M., Johnell, K., & Nyberg, A. (2021). Sexual and gender harassment and use of psychotropic medication among Swedish workers: a prospective cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 79(8), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2021-108087
-
Braileanu, M., Edney, E., Azar, S., Lazarow, F., Mogensen, M. A., Tuburan, S., Kadom, N., & Phalke, V. (2021). Radiology, sexual harassment, and the #Metoo movement. Academic Radiology, 28(4), 564-571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.036
-
Cantor, D., Fisher, B., Chinbnall, S., Townsen, R., Lee, H.,Bruce, C., & Thomas, G. (2015). Report on the AAU campus climate survey on sexual assault and sexual misconduct. rep., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. http://www.upenn.edu/ir/surveys/AAU/Report%20and%20Tables%20on%20AAU%20Campus%20Climate%20Survey.pdf
-
Casanovas, L. V., Serra, L., Canals, C. S., Sanz-Barbero, B., Vives-Cases, C., López, M. J., Otero-García, L., Pérez, G., & Renart-Vicens, G. (2022). Prevalence of sexual harassment among young Spaniards before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown period in Spain. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Article 1888. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14264-9
-
Çelik, Y., & Çelik, S. S. (2007). Sexual harassment against nurses in Turkey. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(2), 200-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00168.x
-
Drążkowski, D., & Ganclerz, M. (2022). Social perception of sexual harassment in informal relations. Current issues in Personality Psychology, 10(3), 227-233. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2021.110026
-
Durmuş, E. (2013). Sexual harassment: University students’ perceptions and reactions. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 14(1), 15-30. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/92214
-
Hardies K. (2023). Prevalence and correlates of sexual harassment in professional service firms. Frontiers in PublicHealth, 10, Article 1082088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1082088
-
Hovardaoğlu, S. (1994). Davranış bilimleri için istatistik. Hatiboğlu.
-
Isaacs, D. (2018a). Sexual harassment. Journal of Pediatric Child Health,55(3), 341-342. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13877
-
Isaacs, D. (2018b). How to prevent bullying. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 54(6), 597-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13878
-
Jagsi, R., Griffith, K. A., Jones, R., Perumalswami, C. R., Ubel, P., & Stewart, A. (2016). Sexual harassment and discrimination experiences of Academic Medical Faculty. JAMA, 315(19), Article 2120. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2188
-
Lee, B.H. (2018). #Me Too movement; it is time that we all act and participate in transformation. Psychiatry Investigation,15(5), 433. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2018.04.30
-
Leemis, R. W., Espelage, D. L., Basile, K. C., Mercer Kollar, L. M., & Davis, J. P. (2019). Traditional and cyber bullying and sexual harassment: A longitudinal assessment of risk and protective factors. Aggressive Behavior, 45(2), 181-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21808
-
Lipińska-Grobelny A. (2023). The impact of workplace harassment on the level of mental disorders: the moderating role of gender. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 12(3), 202-209. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp/170212
-
Mensah, A., Toivanen, S., Diewald, M., Ul Hassan, M., & Nyberg, A. (2022). Workplace gender harassment, illegitimate tasks, and poor mental health: Hypothesized associations in a Swedish cohort. Social Science & Medicine, 315, Article 115520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115520
-
Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M. L., & Korchmaros, J. D. (2014). Sexual harassment among adolescents of different sexual orientations and gender identities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(2), 280-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.09.008
-
Östergren, P. O., Canivet, C., & Agardh, A. (2022). One-year incidence of sexual harassment and the contribution to poor mental health in the adult general population. European Journal of Public Health, 32(3), 360-365. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab225
-
Öztürk, M. (2015). Medya ve suç korkusu arasındaki ilişki. International Journal of Social Science, 36, 251-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS2894
-
Polat, O., & Pakiş, I. (2012). Mobbing: İşyerinde psikolojik taciz. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4, 211-217. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1701311
-
Quick, J. C., & McFadyen, M. A. (2017). Sexual harassment: Have we made any progress? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000054
-
Reed, E., Wong, A., & Raj, A. (2020). Cyber sexual harassment: A summary of current measures and implications for future research. Violence Against Women, 26(12-13), 1727-1740. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219880959
-
Rihal, C. S., Baker, N. A., Bunkers, B. E., Buskirk, S. J., Caviness, J. N., Collins, E. A., Copa, J. C., Hayes, S. N., Hubert, S. L., Reed, D. A., Wendorff, S. R., Fraser, C. H., Farrugia, G., & Noseworthy, J. H. (2020). Addressing sexual harassment in the #MeToo era: An institutional approach. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(4), 749-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.12.021
-
Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D. H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 914-922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.914
Sarkar, U., Hemmat, S., & Linos, E. (2020). Sexual harassment and suicide. BMJ, 370, Article m3330 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3330
-
Tenbrunsel, A. E., Rees, M. R., & Diekmann, K. A. (2019). Sexual harassment in academia: Ethical climates and bounded ethicality. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 245-270. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102945
-
Thurston, R. C., Chang, Y., Matthews, K. A., von Känel, R., & Koenen, K. (2019). Association of sexual harassment and sexual assault with midlife women’s mental and physical health. JAMA International Medicine, 79, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4886
-
Toker, Y. (2016). İşyerlerinde cinsel taciz: Kapsamı, öncülleri, sonuçları, kurumsal baş etme yöntemleri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19 (38), 1-19. https://psikolog.org.tr/tr/yayinlar/dergiler/1031828/tpy1301996120160000m000035.pdf?v=1701115557
-
Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Destekleme ve Cinsel Tacizi Önleme Birimi. (2024, Kasım 27). Cinsel taciz ve saldırıya ilişkin tanım ve ilkeler. https://citob.metu.edu.tr/tr/cinsel-taciz-ve-saldiriya-iliskin-tanimlar
-
Türk Dil Kurumu. (n.d). cinsel taciz. https://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2024).
-
World Health Organization. (2024). World health day 2024. https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day/2024.