-

Öz

The aim of this study is to analyze the representations of female athletes in major Turkish newspapers. Content analysis method have been used to analyze the news related to athletes over a one month period (01-30 April 2011). The findings of this study indicated that the female athletes were underrepresented in three newspapers (Zaman, Posta, Hürriyet). Of the 1169 news texts in which athletes names were mentioned 6.9 percent were concerned with female athletes, 91.1 percent male athletes, and 2 percent both female and male athletes. It was found that female athletes’ gender roles were emphasized in one third of the news in which their names were mentioned

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Female athletes, newspapers, representation of female athletes

TÜRK MEDYASINDA KADIN SPORCULARIN TEMSİLİ: ÜÇ GAZETENİN İÇERİK ANALİZİ

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türk gazetelerinde kadın sporcuların temsillerini analiz etmektir. 1-30 Nisan 2011 tarihleri arasındaki bir aylık dönemde sporcularla ilgili haberlerin incelenmesinde içerik  analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları üç gazetede (Zaman, Posta, Hürriyet) kadın sporcuların yeterince temsil edilmediklerini göstermiştir. Sporcuların isimlerinin geçtiği 1169 haber metninin yüzde 6.9'u kadın, yüzde 91.1'i erkek, yüzde 2'si ise hem kadın hem erkek sporcularla ilgilidir. Kadın sporcuların isimlerinin geçtiği haberlerin üçte birinde onların toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin vurgulandığı saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kadın sporcular; gazeteler; kadın sporcuların temsili

Kaynakça

1. Arslan B and Koca C (2006) Kadın Sporcuların Yer Aldığı Günlük Gazete Haberlerinin Sunum Biçimine Dair Bir İnceleme, Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 17 (1), 1-10.
2. Arslan B and Koca C (2007) A Content Analysis of Turkish Daily Newspapers Regarding
3. Stereotypes, Annals of Leisure Research, 10 (3-4), 310-327. and
4. Gender Bernstein A (2002) Is it Time for a Victory Lap? Changes in the Media Coverage of Women in Sport, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37 (3-4), 415-428.
5. Bernstein A and Blain N (2002) Sport and the Media: The Emergence of a Major Research Field,
6. Alina.pdf., Access Date: 29 May 2011.
7. Bishop R (2003) Missing in Action: Feature Coverage of Women’s Sports in Sports Illustrated, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 27 (2), 184-194.
8. Bretl D J and Cantor J (1988). “The Portrayals of Men and Women in U.S. Television Commercials: A Recent Content Analysis and Trends over 15 Years”, Sex Roles, 18 (9-10), 595-609.

9. Capranica L and Aversa F (2002) Italian Television Sport Coverage During the 2000 Sydney
10. Perspective, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37 (3-4), 337-349.
11. Gender Collins R L (2011) Content Analysis of Gender Roles in Media: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Go?, Sex Roles, 64, 290- 298.
12. Craig R S (1992) The Effect of Television Day Part on Gender Portrayals in Television Commercials: A Content Analysis, Sex Roles, 26 (5-6), 205-211.
13. Crossman J, Vincent J and Speed H (2007) ‘The Times They are A-Changin’ Gender Comparisons in Three National Newspapers of the
14. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42 (1), 27-41.
15. Championships, Cunningham G B, Sagas M, Sartore M L, Amsden M L and Schellhase A (2004) Gender Representation in the NCAA News: Is the Glass Half Full or Half Empty?, Sex Roles, 50 (11-12), 861-870.
16. Gencel-Bek M and Binark M (2000) Medya ve Cinsiyetçilik,
17. Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Ankara, http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/ gorsel/ dosya/ 1215414832 MedyaVeCinsiyetcilik.pdf, Access Date: 16 May 2011.
18. Kadın Grappendorf H, Henderson A, Sanders, S and Peel J (2009) Is It Equitable Online? The Media Coverage of the 2007 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament on Foxsports.Com, Sport Management and Related Topics, 5 (1), 35-42.
19. Jooste C (2007) An Analysis of the Representation of Female Athletes in Selected South African Print Media from February 2006 to June 2006, Magister Artium in Media Studies in the Faculty of Arts at th Nelson Mandela
20. http://dspace.nmmu.ac.za:8080/jspui/ bitstream /10948/528/1/Carlien%20Jooste.pdf, Date: 27 May 2011.
21. King C (2007) Media Portrayals of Male and Female Athletes: A Text and Picture Analysis of British National Newspaper Coverage of the Olympic Games since 1948, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 42 (2), 187- 199.
22. Knight J L and Giuliano T A (2002) He’s a Laker; She’s a’Looker’: The Consequences of Gender-Stereotypical Partrayals of Male and Female Athletes by the Print Media, Sex Roles, 45 (3-4), 217-229.
23. Koca C, Aşçı F H and Kirazcı S (2005), Gender Role Orientation of Athletes and Nonathletes in a Patriarchal Society: A Study in Turkey, Sex Roles, 52 (3-4), 217-225.
24. Koivula N (1999) Gender Stereotyping in Televised Media Sport Coverage, Sex Roles, 41 (7-8), 589-604
25. Lumpkin A (2009) Female Representation in Feature Articles Published by Sports Illustrated in the 1990s, Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 18 (2), 38-51.
26. MacKay S and Dallaire C (2009) Campus Newspaper Coverage of Varsity Sports: Getting Closer to Equitable and Sports-Related Representations
27. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 44 (1), 25-40. Female
28. Athletes?, McCinnis L, Chun S and McQuillan J (2003) A Review of Gendered Consumption in Sport and Leisure, Academy of Marketing Science Review, 5, 2-24.
29. Özsoy S (2008) Türk Spor Medyasında Kadın, Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 19 (4), 201-219.
30. Pratt J, Grappendorf K, Grundvig A and LeBlanc G (2008) Gender Differences in Print Media Coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 17 (2), 34-41.
31. Schields S, Gilbert L, Shen X and Said H (2004) A Look at Print Media Coverage Across Four Olympiads, Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, 13 (2), 87-99.
32. Sterkenburg van J and Knoppers A (2004) Dominant Discourses About Race/Ethnicity and Gender in Sport Practice and Performance, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 39 (3), 301-321.
33. Tamir I and Galily Y (2010) Women’s Sport Coverage in Israel: Perception Versus Reality, International Journal of Sport Communication, 3 (1), 92-112.
34. Willms N (2005) Gender in Televised Sports: News and Highlights Shows, 1989-2004, Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angelas, www.la84foundation.org/9arr/ResearchReports /tv2004.pdf, Access Date: 29 May 2011.