The Presentation of Discourse Against Israel of the Soviet Union at the Propaganda Posters During the Cold War

Öz

Anti-Israel policies generally dominated the foreign policy of the Soviet Union during the Cold War (1947-1991) between West and East Blocks. The Soviet Union focused on anti-Israeli propaganda activities in public opinion and accused Israel of causing chaos in the Middle East during this period. One of the communication tools used by the Soviet Union in propaganda activities in that period was posters. In this study, it was tried to reveal which anti-Israel discourses were used and how Israel was presented in the anti-Israel propaganda posters prepared by the Soviet Union in the Cold War. For this purpose, the propaganda posters determined using the purposeful sampling method were examined through Russian-American linguist Roman Jakobson's semiotics model. The visual and written codes of the 7 propaganda posters determined in the study were analyzed in terms of the semiotics concepts of Jakobson. As a result of the findings obtained, it was revealed that anti-Israel rhetoric was formed over the United States, that Israel and Nazi Germany were compared and it was shown that Israel was responsible for the conflicts in the Middle East int the posters. In this way, it was seen that anti-Israel thoughts were tried to be dominant in Soviet society.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Soviet Union,Israel,Propaganda,Cold War,poster

Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Sovyetler Birliği'nin İsrail Karşıtı Söylemlerinin Propaganda Posterlerindeki Sunumu

Öz

Batı ve Doğu Blokları arasında gerçekleşen Soğuk Savaş (1947-1991) döneminde Sovyetler Birliği'nin dış siyasetinde genel olarak İsrail karşıtı politikalar hakim olmuştur. Bu süreçte Sovyetler Birliği kamuoyunda İsrail karşıtı propaganda faaliyetlerine ağırlık vermiş, İsrail'i Ortadoğu'da kaosa yol açmakla suçlamıştır. Bu dönemde Sovyetler Birliği'nin propaganda faaliyetlerinde en etkili kullandığı iletişim araçlarından biri posterler olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Soğuk Savaş döneminde Sovyetler Birliği tarafından hazırlanan İsrail karşıtı propaganda posterlerinde, İsrail karşıtı hangi söylemlere yer verildiği ve İsrail'in posterlerde ne şekilde sunulduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışma kapsamında amaçlı örneklem metodu kullanılarak belirlenen propaganda posterleri, Rus asıllı ABD’li Roman Jakobson'un göstergebilim modeli üzerinden incelenmiştir. Çalışmada belirlenen 7 propaganda posterinin görsel ve yazılı kodları Jakobson'un göstergebilim kavramları özelinde analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular kapsamında Sovyet propagandasında, İsrail karşıtı söylemlerin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri üzerinden oluşturulduğu, İsrail ile Nazi Almanyası'nın kıyaslandığı ve Ortadoğu'da yaşanan çatışmaların sorumlusu olarak İsrail'in gösterildiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu şekilde Sovyet toplumunda İsrail karşıtı düşüncelerin hakim olmasına çalışıldığı görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sovyetler Birliği,İsrail,Propaganda,Soğuk Savaş,Poster

Kaynakça

1. Bentsur E (2000) Documents on Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1941-1953 (Vol. 2). Psychology Press, The United Kingdom.
2. Bruner W (1990) Soviet New Thinking and The Middle East: Gorbachev's Arab‐Israeli Options. Comparative Strategy, 9(4), 385-401.
3. Charlesworth A and Addis M (2002) Memorialization and the Ecological Landscapes of Holocaust Sites: The Cases of Plaszow and Auschwitz-Birkenau. Landscape Research, 27(3), 229-251.
4. Deane-Cox S (2014) Remembering Oradour-sur-Glane: Collective Memory in Translation. Translation and Literature, 23(2), 272-283.
5. Domke M (1959) The Israeli-Soviet Oil Arbitration. American Journal of International Law, 53(4), 787-806.
6. Fiske J (2017) İletişim Çalışmalarına Giriş, Süleyman İrvan (çev), 5. Basım. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
7. Forsythe D P (1971) The Soviets and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. World Affairs, 134(2), 132-142.
8. Fox F (1993) Jewish Victims of the Katyn Massacre. East European Jewish Affairs, 23(1), 49-55.

9. Freedman R O (1989) Soviet Jewry as a Factor in Soviet Israeli Relations. Soviet Jewry in the 1980s: The Politics of Anti-Semitism and Emigration and the Dynamics of Resettlement, 61-96.
10. Freedman R O (1991) Soviet Policy toward Israel under Gorbachev (No. 150). Greenwood Publishing Group, The United States.
11. Freedman R O (1995) Israeli-Russian Relations since the Collapse of the Soviet Union. The Middle East Journal, 233-247.
12. Friedgut, T. H. (1990). Soviet Anti-Zionism: Origins, Forms and Development. In Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World (pp. 26-45). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
13. Gaddins, J L (2018). Soğuk Savaş, Pazarlıklar, Casuslar, Yalanlar, Gerçek, Dilek Cenkçiler (çev), 3. Baskı, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul.
14. Gitelman, Z. (1990). The Evolution of Soviet anti-Zionism: from Principle to Pragmatism. In Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World (pp. 11-25). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
15. Gibson, J. L., & Howard, M. M. (2007). Russian anti-Semitism and the Scapegoating of Jews. British Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 193-223.
16. Ginor I and Remez G (2017) The Soviet-Israeli War, 1967-1973: The USSR's Military Intervention in the Egyptian-Israeli Conflict. Oxford University Press, The United Kingdom.
17. Gitelman, Z. (1991). Glasnost, Perestroika and Antisemitism. Foreign Affairs, 70(2), 141-159.
18. Golan G (1982) The Soviet Union and the Israeli Action in Lebanon. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 59(1), 7-16.
19. Golan G (1988) Israeli-Soviet Relations. Journal of Palestine Studies, 17(2), 182-189.
20. Gorodetsky G (2003) The Soviet Union's Role in the Creation of the State of Israel. The Journal of Israeli History, 22(1), 4-20.
21. Govrin Y (2013) Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption. Routledge, The United Kingdom.
22. Guiraud P (2016) Göstergebilim, Mehmet Yalçın (çev), 3. Baskı. İmge Kitabevi, Ankara.
23. Heimann G (2010) In Search of a Route to World Power: General de Gaulle, the Soviet Union, and Israel in the Middle Eastern Crisis of 1967. The International History Review, 32(1), 69-88.
24. Herf J (2005) The “Jewish war”: Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 19(1), 51-80.
25. Kahng G H (1998) Zionism, Israel, and the Soviet Union: A study in the rise and fall of brief Soviet‐Israeli friendship from 1945 to 1955. Global Economic Review, 27(4), 95-107.
26. Karsh E (1985) Soviet-Israeli Relations: A New Phase?. The World Today, 41(12), 214-217.
27. Kissinger H (2010) Diplomasi, İbrahim H. Kurt, (cev), 9. Baskı, Türkiye İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
28. Korey, W. (1972). The Origins and Development of Soviet anti-Semitism: An Analysis. Slavic Review, 31(1), 111-135.
29. Klinghoffer A J (1976) The Political Economy of Soviet-Israeli Oil Relations, 1948-1967. International Relations, 5(4), 1112-1120.
30. Klinghoffer A J (1990) Soviet—Israeli Relations. Contemporary Jewry, 11(1), 91-105.
31. Kriesberg L (1987) Carrots, Sticks, De-Escalation: US—Soviet and Arab—Israeli Relations. Armed Forces & Society, 13(3), 403-423.
32. Kriesberg L (1988) Strategies of Negotiating Agreements: Arab-Israeli and American-Soviet Cases. Negotiation Journal, 4(1), 19-30.
33. Laron G (2010) Playing with Fire: The Soviet–Syrian–Israeli Triangle, 1965–1967. Cold War History, 10(2), 163-184.
34. Mcmahon J R (2013). Soğuk Savaş, Sinem Gül (çev), Dost Kültür Yayınları, Ankara.
35. Mikel Arieli R (2019) Ahmed Kathrada in Post-War Europe: Holocaust Memory and Apartheid South Africa (1951-1952). African Identities, 17(1), 1-17.
36. Priestland D (2017) Kızıl Bayrak Bir Komünizm Tarihi, Ali Çakıroğlu, Egemen Yılgür (cev). İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
37. Redavantgarde (2020a) Birinci Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show -collection /449- shame-on- the- israeli- aggressors-. html? themeId =15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
38. Redavantgarde (2020b) İkinci Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show-collection/ 1437- out- with- israili- aggressors- from- arab- territories-. html? themeId =15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
39. Redavantgarde (2020c). Üçüncü Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show -collection/ 279- on- palestinian- land- occupied- by- israel- fighters- against- aggression -get -arrested -and- imprisoned -for -a- sacred- right- of- their- people -to- have -their -own -independent- state- .html? themeId =15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
40. Redavantgarde (2020d). Dördüncü Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show- collection/ 802- retribution -is -inevitable- .html? themeId= 15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
41. Redavantgarde (2020e). Beşinci Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show- collection/ 489- shame- to- criminals-. html? themeId= 15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
42. Redavantgarde (2020f). Altıncı Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show-collection/ 1436 -to- stop-. html? themeId =15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
43. Redavantgarde (2020g). Yedinci Poster, http:// redavantgarde. com/ en/ collection/ show- collection/ 1435- you- will -answer- for- your- misdeeds- .html? themeId =15, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2020.
44. Rifat M (2013) Açıklamalı Göstergebilim Sözlüğü: Kavramlar, Yöntemler, Kuramcılar, Okullar. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
45. Ro'i Y (1978) Soviet Policies and Attitudes Toward Israel, 1948–1978—An Overview. East European Jewish Affairs, 8(1), 35-45.
46. Ro'i Y (2018) Soviet Decision-Making in Practice: The USSR and Israel, 1947-1954. Routledge, The United Kingdom.
47. Rucker L (2005) Moscow's Surprise: The Soviet-Israeli Alliance of 1947-1949. Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, The United States.
48. Stola, D. (2006). Anti-Zionism as a Multipurpose Policy İnstrument: The anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967–1968. The Journal of Israeli History, 25(1), 175-201.
49. Tabory E (1991) Jewish Identity, Israeli Nationalism, and Soviet Jewish Migration. Journal of Church and State, 33(2), 287-300.
50. Vago R (1983) Soviet and East European Relations with Israel since Camp David. Soviet Jewish Affairs, 13(3), 7-26.