Gazeteciliğin Dönüşümü: Yöndeşen Ortam ve Yöndeşen Gazetecilik

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 230 - 253, 19.11.2013

Besim Yıldırım

Öz

Bu makalenin konusunu sayısal iletişim teknolojilerinin ve yöndeşmenin gazetecilik alanında yol açtığı dönüşümler oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle öncelikle yöndeşmenin sektörel etkileri ele alınmış ve ardından gazetecilik pratikleri ve istihdam yapıları bakımından sonuçları irdelenerek, yeni medya profesyonellerinin profili çizilmeye çalışılmıştır. Makalede ayrıca sektördeki yöndeşme politikalarının gazetecilerin çalışma koşulları ve sosyal hakları açısından etkilerine de değinilmiştir.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yöndeşme; yeni gazetecilik; multimedya gazeteciliği; yöndeşik gazeteci

Kaynakça

• Adaklı G (2006) Türkiye'de Medya Endüstrisi, Neo Liberalizm Çağında Mülkiyet ve Kontrol İlişkileri, Ütopya Yayınları, Ankara.
• Aquino R, Bierhoff J, Orchard T ve Stone M (2002) The European Multimedia News Landscape, Mudia Report,: International Institute of Infonomics, Heerlen.
• Aviles J, Alberto G ve Carvajal M (2008) "Integrated and Cross-Media Newsroom Convergence: Two Models of Multimedia News Production - The Cases of Novotecnica and La Verdad Multimedia in Spain." Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 14 (2), 221–239.
• Bardoel J (1996) Beyond Journalism. A Profession Between Information Society and Civil Society, European Journal of Communication, 11 (3), 283–302.
• Başaran F (2004) Enformasyon Toplumu Politikaları ve Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler, İletişim Araştırmaları Derg, 2(2), 7–31.
• Batt R, Christopherson S, Rightor N ve Van J, D (2000) NET WORKING: Work patterns and workforce policies for the new media industry Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp/9 7 Erişim Tarihi: 13.10.2008.
• Blackman C (2004) Paying The Price: The Future for Europe’s Media Sector, Foresight 6(5), 292–301.
• Boczkowski P J (2004) The Processes of Adopting Multimedia and Interactivity in Three Online Newsrooms, The Journal of Communication 54 (2), 197–213.
• Bressers B (2006) Promise and Reality: The Integration of Print and Online Versions of Major Metropolitan Newspapers, The International Journal on Media Management 8(3), 134 – 145.
• Carey J (1997) The Communications Revolution and the Professional Communicator, Munson, Eve Stryker and Warren, Catherine A. (eds.): James Carey. A Critical Reader, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
• Castilhos K, Francisko J (2009) Journalism in The Age of the Information Society, Technological Convergence, and Editorial Segmentation: Preliminary Observations, Journalism 10 (1), 109–125.
• Cooper T W (1998) New Technology Effects Inventory: Forty Leading Ethical Issues, Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 3 (2), 71–92.
• Dahlgren P (1996) Media Logic in Cyberspace: Repositioning Journalism and Its Publics, The Public 3(3), 59–72.
• Dailey L, Demo L ve Spillman M (2005) The Convergence Continuum: A Model for Studying Collaboration Between Media Newsrooms, Atlantic Journal of Communication, 13 (3), 150–168.
• Delano A (1996) The Newest New Journalism. Presented at 10th Colloquium on Communication and Culture, The Future of Journalism. Piran, September, 11–15.
• Dennis E E (2006) Television’s Convergence Conundrum, Television Quarterly 37 (1), 22– 27.
• Deuze M (1999) Journalism and the Web: An Analysis of skills and standards in an online environment, Gazette, 61 (5), 373–390.
• Deuze M (2003) The Web and its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of News Media Online, New Media & Society 5(2), 203–30.
• Deuze M ve Christina D (2002) Online Journalists in the Netherlands: Towards a Profile of a New Profession, Journalism 3 (1), 85-100.
• Deuze M (2004) What is multimedia journalism?", Journalism Studies 5 (2), 139 – 152. Deuze M (2005) Towards professional participatory storytelling in journalism and advertising, First Monday, 10 (7). http://firstmonday. org/issues/issue10_7/deuze/index.html Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2008.
• Deuze M (2007) Convergence culture in the creative industries, International Journal of Cultural Studies 10 (2), 243–263.
• Digitisations in the communication sector: A Europen Challenge, www.esk.org.cy/ DigITNews1.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2008.
• Dimmick J, vd. (2004) Competition Between the Internet and Traditional News Media: The Gratification-Opportunities Niche Dimension”, The Journal of Media Economics, 17 (1), 19– 33.
• Duhe S F, Mortimer M M ve San San C (2004) "Convergence in North American TV Newsrooms: A Nationwide Look", Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 10 (2), s 81–104.
• Fidler R (1997) Mediamorphosis and Understanding New Media, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA.
• Garrison B (2000) Diffusion of a New Technology: On-line Research in Newspaper Newsrooms, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 6(1), 84–105.
• Garrison B ve Dupagne M (2003) “A Case Study of Media Convergence at Media General’s Tampa News Center”, Expanding Convergence: Media Use in a Changing Information Environment. Columbia, 1–42.
• Geray H (2002) İletişim ve Teknoloji: Uluslararası Birikim Düzeninde Yeni Medya Politikaları, Ütopya Yayınevi, Ankara. Gezgin, S (2002) Geleneksel Basın ve İnternet Gazeteciliği, Serhan Yedig ve Haşim Akman (der), İnternet Çağında Gazetecilik, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 30–37.
• Giles B (2007) Plowing New Ground in Journalism Education, http://www.nieman. harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100198, Erişim Tarihi: 08.11.2008.
• Harper C (1996) Doing It All. American Journalism Review, Vol. 18, December, http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?doc Id=5000436221, Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2008.
• Huang E, Davison, K vd. (2006) Facing the Challenges of Convergence: Media Professionals' Concerns of Working Across Media Platforms, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 12(1), 83–98.
• Huang E vd. (2004) News Stories Converged Journalism and Quality: A Case Study of The Tampa Tribune, Convergence 10 (4), s 73–91.
• İLEF RAPOR (2007) Medya ve İletişim Eğitiminde Uluslararası Üniversitelerin Temel Eğilimleri Raporu İçin İletişim Çalışmaları, Kitle İletişimi, Gazetecilik ve Medya Çalışmaları Birimleriyle İlgili Alt Rapor, (Uzun dö- nemli (2020) İLEF stratejisini oluşturmak amacıyla hazırlanan alt rapor), s. 1–10.
• İnal A (1996) Haberi Okumak, Temuçin Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Jankowski N W. ve Martine Van S (2001) Traditional News Media Online: An Examination of Added Values, Denis McQuail ve Nicholas W. Jankowski (der.), Television News Research: Recent European Approaches and Findings, Quintessence Publishing Co. Berlin, s. 375–392
• Jenkins H (2006) Eight Traits of the New Media Landscape, http://www.henryjenkins.org/ 2006/11/eight_traits_of_the_new_media.html. Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2008.
• Kara H (2002) İnternet Gazetecilik ve Yeni Olanaklar, Serhan Yedig ve Haşim Akman (der), İnternet Çağında Gazetecilik, Metis Yayınları, İstanbul, s. 37-43.
• Keane J (1992) Medya ve Demokrasi, Haluk Şahin (çev), Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
• Kejanlıoğlu B D (1998) Türkiye‘de Yayıncılık Politikası: Ekonomik ve Siyasal Boyutlarıyla Türkiye‘de Radyo Televizyon Yayıncılığı, Doktora Tezi, AÜ Sos. Bil. Enst., Ankara.
• Killebrew K C (2005) Managing Media Convergence. Ames, IA, Blackwell Publishing. Klinenberg E (2005) Convergence: New Production in a Digital Age, Annals of the American Political Science Association, 59 (7), 48- 68.
• Lasica J D (1996) Net Gain: Journalism's Challenges in an Interactive Age, American Journalism Review 20 (2). http://www.ajr.org /article.asp?id=2217, Erişim Tarihi 06.08. 2007.
• MacGregor P (2003) Mind the Gap: Problems of Multimedia Journalism, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 9 (3), 8–17.
• Mueller M (1999). Digital Convergence and Its Consequences, Javnost-The Public 6 (3), 11– 28.
• Newhagen J E ve Sheizaf R (1996) Why Communication Researchers Should Study the Internet: A Dialogue, Journal of ComputerMediated Communication 1 (4). http://jcmc. indiana.edu/vol1/issue4/rafaeli.html Erişim Tarihi 20.08.2007.
• Newsroom Barometer: Multimedia, multiskilled and integrated (2008) http://www. editorswblog.org/analysis/2008/05/2_newsroom_b arometer_multimedia_multiski.php Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2008.
• Nora P ve Fiebich C (2002) The Elements of Digital Storytelling, University of Minnesota Institute for New Media Studies and New Directions for News project, http://www.inms.
• umn.edu/elements/ Erişim Tarihi: 24.06.2008. O'Reilly T (2005) What Is Web 2.0: Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software, http://oreilly.com/ pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-isweb-20.html, Erişim tarihi: 22.10.2008.
• Pavlik J V (2004) A Sea-Change in Journalism: Convergence, Journalists, their Audiences and Sources, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 10(4), 1-29.
• Picard R G (2004) Environmental and Market Changes Driving Strategic Planning in Media Firms, Strategic Responses to Media Market Changes, Sweden: Jonkoping International Business School, s.1–17.
• Quinn S (2002) Knowledge Management in the Digital Newsroom, Oxford, Focal Press. Quinn S ve Filak V (2005) Convergent Journalism An Introduction. Writing and Producing Across Media, Focal Press, Boston.
• Reorganizations excluded more than 300 journalists in six years, www.esk.org.cy/ DigITNews1.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2009.
• Schudson M (1995) The Power of News, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Schudson M (2003) The Sociology of News, Norton & Company Inc., New York.
• Singer J B (2004) Strange bedfellows? The diffusion of convergence in four news organizations, Journalism Studies 5 (1), 3–18.
• Singer J B (1997) Still Guarding the Gate?: The Newspaper Journalist's Role in an On-line World, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 3 (1), 72–89.
• Singer J B (2003) Who are these Guys?: The Online Challenge to the Notion of Journalistic Professionalism, Journalism 4 (2), 139–163. Singer J B (2005) The political j-blogger: 'Normalizing' a new media form to fit old norms and practices, Journalism 6 (2), 173– 198.
• Singer J B (2008) Five Ws and an H: Digital Challenges in Newspaper Newsrooms and Boardrooms, The International Journal on Media Management 10 (3), 122 – 129.
• Strategic Developments for the European Publishing Industry towards the Year 2000. Europe’s Multimedia Challenge. (1996) Main Report. Brussels: European Commission DG XIII/E.
• Taş O (2004) Yöndeşme ve Medya Endüstrisi: İletişim Alanında Yöndeşme Eğilimleri, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, AÜ Sos. Bil. Enst., Ankara.
• The Future of the Printed Press. Challenges in a Digital World (1998) Maastricht: European Journalism Centre. http://www.ejc.nl/hp/fpp /contents.html Erişim Tarihi: 11.02.2008.
• Thurman N ve Ben L (2008) "Convergence Calls: Multimedia Storytelling at British News Websites, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 14 (4), 439–455.
• Timisi N (2003) Yeni İletişim Teknolojileri ve Demokrasi, Dost Kitabevi Yayınları, Ankara. Törenli N (2005) Yeni Medya, Yeni İletişim Ortamı, Bilim Sanat Yayınları, Ankara. Trend in Newsroom (2007) World Editors Forum.
• Trend in Newsroom (2008) World Editors Forum. Tuchman G (1978) Making news. A study in the Construction of Reality, The Free Press, New York.
• Verweij P (2009) Making Convergence Work in the Newsroom: A Case Study of Convergence of Print, Radio, Television and Online Newsrooms at the African Media Matrix in South Africa During the National Arts Festival, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 15 (1) 75–87.