Öz
The emergence and rise of the newspaper, radio, television and other mass media has enabled the development of the “fourth estate”, as an independent institution that is central to pluralist democratic processes. But, media became a part of dominant and capitalist structure over time. Also, intertwining political power and the media causes citizens to make evaluation whether fourth estate’s function fulfills. In this context, fifth estate as a new player of the media game has seen itself in the position of the fourth estate that fulfills reporting, scrutinizing, and commenting functions from a critical distance in eighteenth-century, rather than becoming a part of traditional and institutional power. However, in twenty-first century, fifth estate internet has provided the transition from print-based counter culture to cyber culture and also, online communication has revitalized and globalized the fifth estate internet which monitors mainstream media, offers alternative coverage of issues and produces alternative forms of journalism. Besides, the increasing use of the internet and digital technologies has created a space for networking individuals in ways that enables a new source of accountability in state, government and politics. In the light of these considerations, in this study, has been done a literature review, structure of internet as a social phenomenon and fifth estate as a robust concept has been examined comprehensively in order to manifest to be fifth estate has the potential in the twenty-first as important as the fourth estate has potential since the eighteenth century, even fifth estate has potential far more than fourth estate and in this context, it has been focused fifth estate notion as part of characteristics and purposes for use of internet and it has been discussed threats to this a new estate is thought that will be active and efficient in sustaining of democracy from established institutions. In conclusion, in this study, it has been represented fifth estate internet’s contributions to democracy and the basics of democratic transformation
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Al-Rodhan N (2007) The Emergence of Blogs as a Fifth Estate and their Security Implications, Slatkine, Geneva.
- Butler B (1998) Information Subsidies, Journalism Routines and the Australian Media: Market Liberalization versus Marketplace of Ideas,
- Innovation 16 (1), 27-45. Critical Studies
- in Carter T B, Franklin M A ve Wright J B (2003) The First Amendment and the Fifth Estate:
- Media, Foundation Press, New York. Electronic
- Mass Castells M (2005) Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, Ebru Kılıç (çev), Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Christians, C G, Glasser T L, D McQuail, Nordenstreng K ve White R A (2009) Normative Theories of the Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
- Collins R (2011) Content Online and The End of Public Media? The UK, A Canary in The Coal Mine?, Media, Culture & Society 33 (8), 1202-1219.
- Collins R (2009) Trust and Trustworthiness in the Fourth and Fifth Estates, International Journal of Communication 3, 61-86.
- Cooper S D (2006) Watching the Watchdog: Bloggers as the Fifth Estate, Marquette Books, Spokane, Washington.
- Donohue G A, Tichenor P J ve Olien C N (1995) A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of Media, Journal of Communication 45 (2), 115-132.
- Dutton W H (2012a) The Internet and Democratic Accountability: The Rise of the Fifth Estate, F L F Lee, L Leung, J L Qiu ve D S C Chu (eds), Frontiers in New Media Research, Routledge, Abingdon, pp 39-55.
- Dutton W H (2012b) The Fifth Estate: A New Governance Challenge, D Levi-Faur (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Governance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 584-598.
- Dutton W H (2010) The Fifth Estate: Democratic Social Accountability Through the Emerging Network of Networks, P G Nixon, V N Koutrakou ve R Rawal (eds), Understanding E-Government
- Challenges, Routledge, Abingdon, pp 3-18. Issues
- and Dutton W H (2009) The Fifth Estate Emerging through the Network of Networks, Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation 27 (1), 1-15.
- Dutton W H ve Eynon R (2009) Networked Individuals and Institutions: A Cross-Sector Comparative Perspective on Patterns and Strategies in Government and Research, The Information Society 25 (3), 198-207. Eizenstat
- Organizations as the Fifth Estate, Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 5 (2), 15-28.
- Nongovernmental Erdoğan İ (1999) Dördüncü Gücün İlettiği: Amerikan Örneği, Korkmaz Alemdar (der), Medya Gücü ve Demokratik Kurumlar, Afa Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 33-42.
- Evers H (2010) İnternet Haberciliği: Yeni Etik Sorunlar Mı?, B Çaplı ve H Tuncel (der), Tele- vizyon Haberciliğinde Etik, Fersa Matbaacılık, Ankara, 322-328.
- Goode L (2009) Social News, Citizen Journalism and Democracy, New Media & Society 11 (8), 1287-1305.
- Goc N (2008) The Fourth (or Fifth) Estate, J Bainbridge, N Goc ve L Tynan (eds), Media and Journalism: New Approaches to Theory and
- Melbourne, pp 36-53. University
- Press, Gurevitch M, Coleman S ve Blumler J G (2009) Political Communication-Old and New Media Relationships, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 625, 164-181.
- Hampton M (2010) The Fourth Estate Ideal in Journalism History, Stuart Allan (ed), The Routledge
- Journalism, Routledge, London, New York, pp 3-12 to News
- and Hayes A S (2008) Press Critics are the Fifth Estate: Media Watchdogs in America, Praeger, Westport.
- Jensen E (2010) Between Credulity and Scepticism: Envisaging The Fourth Estate in 21st-Century Science Journalism, Media, Culture&Society 32 (4), 615–630.
- Keen A (2007) The Cult of the Amateur: How Today’s Internet is Killing Our Culture, Currency, New York
- Laughey D (2010) Medya Çalışmaları: Teoriler ve Yaklaşımlar, Ali Toprak (çev), Kalkedon Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Lewis J, Williams A ve Franklin B (2008a) Four Rumours and an Explanation: A Political Economic Account of Journalists’ Changing Newsgathering
- Journalism Practice 2 (1), 27-45. Reporting
- Practices, Lewis J, Williams A ve Franklin B (2008b) A Compromised Fourth Estate? UK News Journalism, Public Relations and News Sources, Journalism Studies 9 (1), 1-20. Meikle
- Transformation in Convergent News: The Case of WikiLeaks, Media International Australia 144, 52-59. Continuity
- and Newman N, Dutton W H ve Blank G (2012) Social Media in the Changing Ecology of News: The Fourth and Fifth Estates in Britain, International Journal of Internet Science 7 (1), 6-22.
- Nimmo D ve Combs J E (1992) The Political Pundits, Praeger/Greenwood, New York.
- Ramonet I (2004) Beşinci Kuvvet, Y İnceoğlu, N Akıner ve U U Aydın (çev), Varlık Dergisi, 3-7.
- Ramonet I (2000) Medyanın Zorbalığı, Aykut Derman (çev), Om Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- Reich Z (2010) Measuring the Impact of PR on Published News in Increasingly Fragmented News
- Approach, Journalism Studies 11 (6), 799-816. A
- Multifaceted Tumber
- Information Age: The Role of the Fourth Estate in Cyberspace, Information, Communication & Society 4 (1), 95-112. Democracy in
- the Ward S J A ve Wasserman H (2010) Towards an Open Ethics: Implications of New Media Platforms for Global Ethics Discourse, Journal of Mass Media Ethics 25 (4), 275-292.
- Ward S J A (2005) The Invention of Journalism Ethics: The Path to Objectivity and Beyond, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, Canada.
- Ward I M ve Cahill J (2007) Old and New Media: Blogs in the Third Age of Political Communication, Australian
- Communication 34 (3), 1-21. Journal of
Öz
Gazetenin, radyonun, televizyonun ve diğer kitlesel medya türlerinin ortaya çıkması ve yükselişi, çoğulcu-demokratik süreçlerin merkezinde yer alan bağımsız bir kurum olarak “dördüncü gücün” gelişmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Ancak, zaman içerisinde medya, kapitalist ve egemen yapının bir
parçası haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca, medyanın, politik iktidar ile iç içe geçmesi, yurttaşların, dördün-cü gücün işlevini yerine getirip getirmediğini sorgulamasına neden olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, med-ya oyununun yeni bir oyuncusu olarak beşinci güç, geleneksel ya da kurumsal gücün bir parçası
olmaktan ziyade, kendisini, on sekizinci yüzyılda, eleştirel bir mesafeyle haber verme, soruşturma ve değerlendirme işlevlerini yerine getiren dördüncü gücün konumunda görmüştür. Bununla birlikte, yirmi birinci yüzyılda, beşinci güç internet, basılı kültürden siber kültüre geçişi sağlamış ve
ayrıca, çevrimiçi iletişim; ana akım medyayı kontrol eden ya da denetleyen, alternatif içerikler sunan ve alternatif gazetecilik biçimleri üreten beşinci güç interneti hem güçlendirmiş hem de küreselleştirmiştir. Ayrıca, internetin ve dijital teknolojilerin kullanımındaki artış; devletin, hükü-metin ve siyasetin denetime açık olmasına olanak sağlayacak bir şekilde ağ oluşturan bireyler için yeni bir uzam meydana getirmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeler ışığında, bu çalışmada, yirmi birinci yüzyılda beşinci gücün sahip olduğu potansiyelin, on sekizinci yüzyıldan bu yana, dördüncü gücün
sahip olduğu potansiyel kadar önemli olduğunu, hatta beşinci gücün, dördüncü güçten çok daha büyük bir potansiyele sahip olduğunu ortaya koyabilmek için bir alanyazın taraması yapılmış, toplumsal bir olgu olarak internetin ve güçlü bir kavram olarak beşinci gücün yapısı detaylı bir
şekilde sorgulanmış ve bu bağlamda, internetin özellikleri ve kullanım amaçları kapsamında beşinci güç nosyonuna odaklanılmış ve yerleşik kurumların, demokrasinin sürdürülebilirliği nokta-sında etkin ve etkili olacağı düşünülen bu yeni güce yönelik tehditleri tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak,
bu çalışmada, beşinci güç internetin, demokrasiye katkıları ve demokratik dönüşümün esasları
ortaya konulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Al-Rodhan N (2007) The Emergence of Blogs as a Fifth Estate and their Security Implications, Slatkine, Geneva.
- Butler B (1998) Information Subsidies, Journalism Routines and the Australian Media: Market Liberalization versus Marketplace of Ideas,
- Innovation 16 (1), 27-45. Critical Studies
- in Carter T B, Franklin M A ve Wright J B (2003) The First Amendment and the Fifth Estate:
- Media, Foundation Press, New York. Electronic
- Mass Castells M (2005) Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, Ebru Kılıç (çev), Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Christians, C G, Glasser T L, D McQuail, Nordenstreng K ve White R A (2009) Normative Theories of the Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
- Collins R (2011) Content Online and The End of Public Media? The UK, A Canary in The Coal Mine?, Media, Culture & Society 33 (8), 1202-1219.
- Collins R (2009) Trust and Trustworthiness in the Fourth and Fifth Estates, International Journal of Communication 3, 61-86.
- Cooper S D (2006) Watching the Watchdog: Bloggers as the Fifth Estate, Marquette Books, Spokane, Washington.
- Donohue G A, Tichenor P J ve Olien C N (1995) A Guard Dog Perspective on the Role of Media, Journal of Communication 45 (2), 115-132.
- Dutton W H (2012a) The Internet and Democratic Accountability: The Rise of the Fifth Estate, F L F Lee, L Leung, J L Qiu ve D S C Chu (eds), Frontiers in New Media Research, Routledge, Abingdon, pp 39-55.
- Dutton W H (2012b) The Fifth Estate: A New Governance Challenge, D Levi-Faur (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Governance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 584-598.
- Dutton W H (2010) The Fifth Estate: Democratic Social Accountability Through the Emerging Network of Networks, P G Nixon, V N Koutrakou ve R Rawal (eds), Understanding E-Government
- Challenges, Routledge, Abingdon, pp 3-18. Issues
- and Dutton W H (2009) The Fifth Estate Emerging through the Network of Networks, Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation 27 (1), 1-15.
- Dutton W H ve Eynon R (2009) Networked Individuals and Institutions: A Cross-Sector Comparative Perspective on Patterns and Strategies in Government and Research, The Information Society 25 (3), 198-207. Eizenstat
- Organizations as the Fifth Estate, Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 5 (2), 15-28.
- Nongovernmental Erdoğan İ (1999) Dördüncü Gücün İlettiği: Amerikan Örneği, Korkmaz Alemdar (der), Medya Gücü ve Demokratik Kurumlar, Afa Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 33-42.
- Evers H (2010) İnternet Haberciliği: Yeni Etik Sorunlar Mı?, B Çaplı ve H Tuncel (der), Tele- vizyon Haberciliğinde Etik, Fersa Matbaacılık, Ankara, 322-328.
- Goode L (2009) Social News, Citizen Journalism and Democracy, New Media & Society 11 (8), 1287-1305.
- Goc N (2008) The Fourth (or Fifth) Estate, J Bainbridge, N Goc ve L Tynan (eds), Media and Journalism: New Approaches to Theory and
- Melbourne, pp 36-53. University
- Press, Gurevitch M, Coleman S ve Blumler J G (2009) Political Communication-Old and New Media Relationships, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 625, 164-181.
- Hampton M (2010) The Fourth Estate Ideal in Journalism History, Stuart Allan (ed), The Routledge
- Journalism, Routledge, London, New York, pp 3-12 to News
- and Hayes A S (2008) Press Critics are the Fifth Estate: Media Watchdogs in America, Praeger, Westport.
- Jensen E (2010) Between Credulity and Scepticism: Envisaging The Fourth Estate in 21st-Century Science Journalism, Media, Culture&Society 32 (4), 615–630.
- Keen A (2007) The Cult of the Amateur: How Today’s Internet is Killing Our Culture, Currency, New York
- Laughey D (2010) Medya Çalışmaları: Teoriler ve Yaklaşımlar, Ali Toprak (çev), Kalkedon Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Lewis J, Williams A ve Franklin B (2008a) Four Rumours and an Explanation: A Political Economic Account of Journalists’ Changing Newsgathering
- Journalism Practice 2 (1), 27-45. Reporting
- Practices, Lewis J, Williams A ve Franklin B (2008b) A Compromised Fourth Estate? UK News Journalism, Public Relations and News Sources, Journalism Studies 9 (1), 1-20. Meikle
- Transformation in Convergent News: The Case of WikiLeaks, Media International Australia 144, 52-59. Continuity
- and Newman N, Dutton W H ve Blank G (2012) Social Media in the Changing Ecology of News: The Fourth and Fifth Estates in Britain, International Journal of Internet Science 7 (1), 6-22.
- Nimmo D ve Combs J E (1992) The Political Pundits, Praeger/Greenwood, New York.
- Ramonet I (2004) Beşinci Kuvvet, Y İnceoğlu, N Akıner ve U U Aydın (çev), Varlık Dergisi, 3-7.
- Ramonet I (2000) Medyanın Zorbalığı, Aykut Derman (çev), Om Yayınevi, İstanbul.
- Reich Z (2010) Measuring the Impact of PR on Published News in Increasingly Fragmented News
- Approach, Journalism Studies 11 (6), 799-816. A
- Multifaceted Tumber
- Information Age: The Role of the Fourth Estate in Cyberspace, Information, Communication & Society 4 (1), 95-112. Democracy in
- the Ward S J A ve Wasserman H (2010) Towards an Open Ethics: Implications of New Media Platforms for Global Ethics Discourse, Journal of Mass Media Ethics 25 (4), 275-292.
- Ward S J A (2005) The Invention of Journalism Ethics: The Path to Objectivity and Beyond, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Montreal, Canada.
- Ward I M ve Cahill J (2007) Old and New Media: Blogs in the Third Age of Political Communication, Australian
- Communication 34 (3), 1-21. Journal of
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Derleme Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2013 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 3 Aralık 2013 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2013 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1 |
