Carbon Nanotubes (CNTS) and Frankincense Nanoparticles as Promising Insecticides to Control Onion Thrips

Öz

Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is one of the most common and devastating onion pests which is capable of causing substantial harm to onion crops. Synthetic pesticides are mainly used to control onion thrips. T. tabaci requires alternative, low-impact control measures since there are numerous difficulties with utilizing chemical pesticides, including pesticide resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nanomaterial compounds on adults and nymphs of the T. tabaci in vivo and study their physiological changes caused by pesticides. The findings demonstrate that using nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and frankincense nanoparticles (FNPs), significantly impacts the number of onion thrips. It also has the potential to lower the risk of pesticide resistance. According to the preliminary results, using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) considerably increased the mortality rate of adults and nymphs of T. tabaci and decreased egg-hatching success. Carbon nanotube (CNTs) and frankincense nanoparticles showed a high death rate in adult and nymphal stages at a concentration of 0.05 percent. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) demonstrated exceptional mortality rates in adult and nymphal stages, with 90 and 50 percent at 5 mg/mL concentrations. Frankincense nanoparticles (FNPs) treatment demonstrated a high adult mortality rate of around 60 percent compared to the control treatment. Eggs of onion thrips showed different hatching success rates after treatment with CNTs and FNPs. The egg hatch rate did not exceed 40 percent of hatched eggs in the CNTs treatment compared to 90 percent in the control treatment. On the other hand, number of laid eggs per female did not differ significantly, indicating that none of the treatments affected the fecundity of the females. The ability of thrips to develop resistance to CNTs and frankincense compounds requires additional investigation. These natural products could be a suitable alternative to control destructive pests like onion thrips.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nanomaterials
• eco-friendly insecticides
• onion thrips
• frankincense
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

Kaynakça

1. Abbott, W. S. (1925). A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of an Insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18(2): 265–267. Adesanya, A. W., Waters, T. D., Lavine, M. D., Walsh, D. B., Lavine, L. C. and Zhu, F. (2020). Multiple insecticide resistance in onion thrips populations from Western USA. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 165: 104553.
2. Al-Harrasi, A., Ali, L., Hussain, J., Rehman, N. U., Mehjabeen, Ahmed, M. and Al-Rawahi, A. (2014). Analgesic effects of crude extracts and fractions of Omani frankincense obtained from traditional medicinal plant Boswellia sacra on animal models. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 7: 485–490.
3. Al-Harrasi, A., Rehman, N. U., Khan, A. L., Al-Broumi, M., Al-Amri, I., Hussain, J., Hussain, H. and Csuk, R. (2018). Chemical, molecular and structural studies of Boswellia species: β-Boswellic Aldehyde and 3-epi-11β-Dihydroxy BA as precursors in biosynthesis of boswellic acids. PLoS One, 13(6): e0198666.
4. Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1973). Thrips: Biology and Control. Macmillan Publisher, Delhi, India.
5. Cataldo, F. and Da Ros, T. (2008). Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacological Potential of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (Vol. 1). Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
6. Chisholm, I. F. and Lewis, T. (1984). A new look at thrips (Thysanoptera) mouthparts, their action and effects of feeding on plant tissue. Bulletin of Entomological Research 74(4): 663–675.
7. de Vries, E. J., van der Wurff, A. W., Jacobs, G. and Breeuwer, J. A. (2008). Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, have gut bacteria that are closely related to the symbionts of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Journal of Insect Science, 8: 1–11.
8. Diaz-Montano, J., Fail, J., Deutschlander, M., Nault, B. A. and Shelton, A. M. (2012). Characterization of resistance, evaluation of the attractiveness of plant odors, and effect of leaf color on different onion cultivars to onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 105(2), 632-641.

9. Diaz-Montano, J., Fuchs, M., Nault, B. A., Fail, J. and Shelton, A. M. (2011). Onion thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae): a global pest of increasing concern in onion. Journal of Economic Entomology, 104(1): 1–13.
10. Efferth, T. and Oesch, F. (2022). Anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of frankincense: Targets, treatments and toxicities. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 80: 39-57.
11. Gill, H. K., Garg, H., Gill, A. K., Gillett-Kaufman, J. L. and Nault, B. A. (2015). Onion Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Biology, Ecology, and Management in Onion Production Systems. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 6(1): 1–9.
12. Heinz-Castro, R., Arredondo-Valdés, R., Ordaz-Silva, S., Méndez-Cortés, H., Hernández-Juárez, A. and Chacón-Hernández, J. C. (2021). Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. as Acaricide against Oligonychus punicae Hirst (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae). Insects, 12(5): 476.
13. Jamdagni, P., Khatri, P. and Rana, J. S. (2018). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis and their antifungal activity. Journal of King Saud University – Science, 30(2): 168–175.
14. Kang, S., Herzberg, M., Rodrigues, D. F. and Elimelech, M. (2008). Antibacterial effects of carbon nanotubes: size does matter!. Langmuir: the ACS. Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, 24(13): 6409–6413.
15. Kaseem, M., Hamad, K., Deri, F. and Ko, Y. G. (2017). A review on recent researches on polylactic acid/carbon nanotube composites. Polymer Bulletin, 74(7): 2921–2937.
16. Kondo, A. and Takafuji, A. (1985). Resource utilization pattern of two species of tetranychid mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Researches on Population Ecology, 27(1), 145–157.
17. Koschier, E. H., Sedy, K. A. and Novak, J. (2002). Influence of plant volatiles on feeding damage caused by the onion thrips Thrips tabaci. Crop Protection, 21(5): 419–425.
18. Kumar, M. and Ando, Y. (2010). Chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes: a review on growth mechanism and mass production. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 10(6): 3739–3758.
19. Lafta, A., Kahdum, B. and Johdh, A. (2016). Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotubes from Iraqi date palm seeds using chemical vapor deposition method. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9: 705-714.
20. Lewis, T. (1997). Pest Thrips in Perspective. Thrips as crop pests. CAB Internatıonal, Wallingford, pp 1–13.
21. Liu, X., Vinson, D., Abt, D., Hurt, R. H. and Rand, D. M. (2009). Differential toxicity of carbon nanomaterials in Drosophila: larval dietary uptake is benign, but adult exposure causes locomotor impairment and mortality. Environmental Science and Technology, 43(16): 6357–6363.
22. Lougraimzi, H., Bouaichi, A., Kholssí, R., Ebich, F., Raouguí, D. and Fadli, M. (2022). The study of post-harvest cereal practices and socio-economic impacts of chemicals used for grain storage in Morocco. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(3): 465-472.
23. Martins, C. H. Z., de Sousa, M., Fonseca, L. C., Martinez, D. S. T. and Alves, O. L. (2019). Biological effects of oxidized carbon nanomaterials (1D versus 2D) on Spodoptera frugiperda: Material dimensionality influences on the insect development, performance and nutritional physiology. Chemosphere, 215: 766–774.
24. Maruyama, T. (2021). Carbon Nanotubes. In Handbook of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (pp. 299-319). Elsevier. Mirzaei, H. and Darroudi, M. (2017). Zinc oxide nanoparticles: Biological synthesis and biomedical applications. Ceramics International, 43(1): 907–914.
25. Rueda, A., Badenes-Pérez, F. and Shelton, A. (2007). Developing economic thresholds for onion thrips in Honduras. Crop Protection, 26: 1099–1107.
26. Salman, K. A., Jawad, S. M. and Abbas, S. H. (2021). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of boswellia serrata extract against some of the oral pathogenic bacteria. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, 15(3): 3371–3376.
27. Shi, F., Zhao, J. H., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y. T. and Feng, N. P. (2012). Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with frankincense and myrrh oil. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 7: 2033–2043.
28. Tayat, E. and Özder, N. (2023). Research on the morphological and molecular diagnosis of Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy). Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(3), 723-730.