Current Status of Herbicide Resistance of Wild Oats (Avena spp) in Wheat Fields in Mardin and Şanlıufa Provinces of Türkiye

Öz

Wheat is a strategic crop with its role in human nutrition. In Türkiye, it has importance in agriculture and economy as well as being a staple crop. Mardin and Şanlıurfa provinces of Türkiye approximately produces 1.6 million tons of wheat on 600 thousand ha fields. One of the important factors limiting wheat production is weeds. Weeds compete with the wheat plant and cause significant yield and quality loss. Wild oat (Avena spp.) species are an important problem in wheat fields in both provinces. Herbicide applications are widely used to control wild oats due to their ease of use, short duration of action and low cost. Wheat fields were surveyed to supply data for strategies to be followed via determining the current situation of herbicide resistance in these provinces where herbicide resistant wild oats had been reported. Out of 95 fields visited, 65 fields had significant wild oat populations of which 61 A. sterilis and four A. fatua. Then these populations were tested to find out herbicide resistance levels against clodinafop-propargyl (ACCase inhibitor) and formulated mix of mesosulfuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl sodium (ALS inhibitors). Only two populations, one low level and the other medium level were found to be resistant to the formulated mix of mesosulfuron and iodosulfuron while 11 populations were resistant to clodinafop, one high level, three medium level and the remaining low level. It was assumed that longer use history and wider use of clodinafop as well as herbicides used in winter rotational crops might cause more clodinafop resistant populations. It was concluded that a strategy to prevent or delay herbicide resistance in these provinces should be prepared because herbicide resistance has continued evolving.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avena sterilis
• Avena fatua
• ACCase inhibitor
• ALS inhibitor
• Clodinafop-propargyl
• Mesosulfuron-methyl+ Iodosulfuron-methyl sodium

Mardin ve Şanlıurfa İlleri Buğday Tarlalarında Yabani Yulafın (Avena spp.) Herbisitlere Dayanıklılığının Mevcut Durumu

Öz

Buğday insan beslenmesi açısından büyük bir öneme sahip olan stratejik bir bitkidir. Türkiye için temel besin kaynağı olmasının yanı sıra tarım ve ekonomide de mühim bir yer tutmaktadır. Mardin ve Şanlıurfa illerinde yıllık yaklaşık 600.000 ha alanda 1.6 milyon ton buğday üretilmektedir. Buğday üretimini sınırlayan önemli unsurlardan biri de yabancı otlardır. Yabancı otlar buğday bitkisiyle rekabet ederek önemli ölçüde verim ve kalite kaybına yol açmaktadırlar. Bu yabancı otlardan biri olan yabani yulaf (Avena spp.) türleri her iki ilde de buğday tarlalarında önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Yabani yulafın mücadelesinde uygulanabilirliğinin kolay olması, kısa sürede etki göstermesi ve maliyetinin düşük olmasından dolayı yaygın olarak herbisit uygulamaları gerçekleştirilmektedir. Herbisitlere dayanıklı yabani yulafın daha önce tespit edildiği bu iki ildeki mevcut durumunu belirlemek ve mücadelenin stratejisi için veri oluşturmak amacıyla 95 buğday tarlası ziyaret edilmiş ve bunların 65’inde belirgin yabani yulaf (61’i A. sterilis ve dördü A. fatua olmak üzere) popülasyonları kaydedilmiştir. Bu popülasyonlar yaygın kullanılan clodinafop (ACCase inhibitörü) ve mesosulfuron-methyl ile iodosulfuron-methyl sodium karışımı (ALS enzimi inhibitörleri) herbisitlere karşı test edilmiştir. Test edilenler arasında sadece iki popülasyon, orta ve düşük seviyede olmak üzere mezosülfuron-metil ile iodosulfuron-methyl sodium karışımına dayanıklı bulunmuştur. Clodinafopa dayanıklı 11 populasyondan biri yüksek derecede dördü orta seviyede diğerleri düşük seviyede dayanıklılık göstermiştir. Clodinafopun bu illerde daha eski bir geçmişe sahip olması ve daha yaygın kullanılmasının yanı sıra kışlık münavebe bitkilerinde kullanılan herbisitlerin de etkisiyle clodinafopa karşı dayanıklılığın daha yaygın olduğu düşünülmektedir. Genel olarak herbisitlere dayanıklılık bu illerde oluşmaya devam etmektedir, bu nedenle dayanıklılığın geciktirilmesi veya önlenmesine yönelik bir stratejinin oluşturulmasına ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avena sterilis
• Avena fatua
• ACCase inhibitörü
• ALS enzimi inhibitörü
• Clodinafop-propargyl
• Mesosulfuron-methyl+ Iodosulfuron-methyl sodium

Kaynakça

1. Acıbuca, V. (2021). Production of durum wheat and the problems of the producers in Mardin province. MAS Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(4): 977-987.
2. Aghajani, Z., Zand, E., Baghestani, M. A. and Mirhadi, M. J. (2009). Resistance of wild oat (Avena ludoviciana Durieu) populations to iodosulfuron+mezosulfuron herbicide. Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 6:79–93.
3. Ahmad-Hamdani, M. S., Owen, M. J., Yu, Q. and Powles, S. B. (2012). ACCase-inhibiting herbicide resistant wild oat (Avena fatua L.) populations from the Western Australian grain belt. Weed Technology, 26: 130–136.
4. Anonymous (2023a). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (Accessed Date: 15.04.2023).
5. Anonymous (2023b). Turkish Statistical Institute. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr (Accessed Date: 13.04.2023).
6. Arslan, Z. F. (2018). Decrease in biodiversity in wheat fields due to changing agricultural practices in five decades. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(12): 3267-3286.
7. Ateş, E. and Üremiş, İ. (2018). Determination of germination temperatures of Sinapis arvensis L. and Avena sterilis L. International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 1(2): 154- 159.
8. Ateş, E. and Üremiş, İ. (2020). Determination of weed species and their frequency and density in wheat cultivation areas of Şanliurfa province, Turkey. Harran Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 24(1): 33-43.

9. Ayata, M. U. (2014). The importance of accase (Acetyl-Coa Carboxylase) enzyme inhibitor herbicide resistance in sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) and mapping of resistant populations in the wheat fields of Adana province. (Ph. D. Thesis) Cukurova University, The Institute of Naturel and Applied Sciences, Adana, Turkey.
10. Beckie, H. J. and Tardif, F. J. (2012). Herbicide cross resistance in weeds. Crop Protection, 35: 15–28.
11. Doğan, M. (1985). Avena L. pp 302-307 in DAVIS, P.H. (ED.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 09 (final volume).
12. Gökalp, Ö. and Üremiş, İ. (2015a). Determination of weed seeds in wheat grain in Mardin province of Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University Research Article, 20(1): 23-30.
13. Gökalp, Ö. and Üremiş, İ. (2015b). Determination of weed species and their frequency and density in wheat fields in Mardin province, Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University Research Article, 20(1): 13-22.
14. Gürbüz, R., (2016). The determination of ALS inhibitor herbicide resistance biotypes of sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) mapping of resistant populations in the wheat fields of Adana province. (Ph. D. Thesis) Çukurova University, The Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Plant Protection, Adana, Turkey.
15. Heap, I. (2023). The International herbicide-resistant weed database. www.weedscience.org. Heap, J. and Knight R. A. (1982). Population of ryegrass tolerant to the herbicide diclofop-methyl in South Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 48: 156-7.
16. Kadioglu, I. and Farooq, S. (2017). Potential distribution of sterile oat (Avena sterilis L.) in Turkey under changing climate. Turkish. Journal of Weed Science, 20: 1-13.
17. Kadioglu, İ., Çinar, A. and Uygur, F. N. (1988). Studies on Wheat-wild Oat (Avena sterilis L.) Interactions and Control Possibilities. 5th. Turkish Phytopathology Congress, 18-21 October, P.79. Antalya, Turkey.
18. Keleş, G. (2019). The Analysis of factors affecting the seed choices of wheat producers in the Trakya region. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(3): 423-431.
19. Khan, M., Ali, H. H., Ali, L., Rizwan, M. S., Mahmood, A., Raza, A. and Javaid, M. (2020). Competitive interactions of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) with quality and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planta Daninha, 38: 1-13.
20. Knezevic S. Z., Streibig J. C. and Ritz C. (2007). Utilizing R software package for dose-response studies: the concept and data analysis. Weed Technology, 21: 840–848.
21. Konyalı, S. and Gaytancıoglu, O. (2007). The Agricultural policies applied for wheat and problems of wheat producers’ in the Thrace region. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 4(3): 249-259.
22. Llewellyn, R., Ronning, D., Clarke, M., Mayfield, A., Walker, S. and Ouzman, J. (2016). Impact of weeds on Australian grain production: the cost of weeds to Australian grain growers and the adoption of weed management and tillage practices. Report for GRDC. CSIRO, Australia.
23. Mahajan, G. and Chauhan, B. S. (2021). Interference of wild oat (Avena fatua) and sterile oat (Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana) in wheat. Weed Science, 69(4): 485-491.
24. Martin, R. J., Cullis, B. R. and McNamara, D. W. (1987). Prediction of wheat yield loss due to competition by wild oats (Avena spp.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 38(3): 487-499.
25. Pala, F., Erman, M., Cig, F. and Dilmen, H. (2020). A study on weed flora and importance value index of weeds in wheat crop. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 6(1): 49-59.
26. Palma-Bautista, C., Portugal, J., Vázquez-García, J. G., Osuna, M. D., Torra, J., Lozano-Juste, J., Gherekhloo, J. and De Prado, R. (2022). Tribenuron-methyl metabolism and the rare Pro197Phe double mutation together with 2,4-D metabolism and reduced absorption can evolve in papaver rhoeas with multiple and cross herbicide resistance to ALS inhibitors and auxin mimics. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 188: 105226.
27. Papapanagiotou, A. P., Damalas, C. A., Menexes, G. C., Eleftherohorinos, I. G. (2020). Resistance levels and chemical control options of sterile oat (Avena sterilis L.) in Northern Greece. International Journal of Pest Management, 66(2): 106-115.
28. Reddy, K. N. (2001). Effects of cereal and legume cover crop residues on weeds, yield, and net return in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 15: 660-668.
29. Ritz, C. and Streibig, J.C. (2005). Bioassay Analysis Using R. Journal of Statistical Software, 12(5): 1–22.
30. Sasanfar, H., Zand, E., Baghestani, M. A., Mirhadi, M. J. and Mesgaran, M. B. (2017). Cross-resistance patterns of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana) populations to ACCase inhibitor herbicides. Phytoparasitica, 45: 419-428.
31. Serpi, Y., Topal, A., Sade, B., Ögüt, H., Soylu, S., Boyraz, N., Bilgili, N. and Direk, M. (2011). National Grain Council (UHK), Wheat Report, 69.
32. Sizer, V. and Tepe, I. (2016). Determination of susceptibility of winter wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) biotypes against Clodinafop‐propargyl and Mesosulfuron‐methyl+iodosulfuron‐methyl‐sodium herbicides prevalent in wheat fields of Diyarbakır, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Weed Science 19(2): 10-19.
33. Torun, H. (2020). Determination of effects on weed height and weed biomass of wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) populations in wheat fields against ALS and ACCase herbicides. Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 23(2): 358-366.
34. Torun, H., (2017). Investigation on effect of crop rotation systems on herbicide resistance of wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) in Osmaniye province and it's mapping. (Ph. D. Thesis) Cukurova University, The Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Adana, Turkey.
35. Travlos, I. S., Giannopolitis, C. N. and Economou, G. (2011). Diclofop resistance in sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) in wheat fields in Greece and its management by other post-emergence herbicides. Crop Protection, 30(11): 1449-1454.
36. Türkseven, S. and Nemli, Y. (2015). First report on herbicides resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 18(2): 1-11.
37. Türkseven, S. G. (2011). Investigations on resistance of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and steril wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) to herbicides in wheat fields of the Marmara region. (Ph. D. Thesis) Ege University, Department of Plant Protection, İzmir, Turkey.
38. Türkseven, S. G., Uludağ, A., Demirci, M. and Serim, A. T. (2022). Herbicide resistance in Avena sterilis subsp ludoviciana populations from the wheat fields of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 46(6): 888-897.
39. Tursun, N. (2012). Determination on a quick test of herbicide resistance to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in sterile oat (Avena sterilis L.) in cereal crops. Reserach Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(2): 161-166.
40. Ulloa, S. M., Datta, A., Bruening C., Neilson, B., Miller, J., Gogos, G. and Knezevic, S. Z. (2011). Maize response to broadcast flaming at different growth stages: Effects on growth, yield and yield components. European Journal of Agronomy, 34: 10–19.
41. Uludağ, A. (1993). Weed survey in cereal-lentil rotation crops in Diyarbakır and some biological aspects of important weeds. (Ph. D. Thesis) Cumhuriyet University, Department of Plant Protection, Tokat, Turkey.
42. Uludag, A. (1997). Weed Infestation Level Changes in Cereals in Diyarbakir, Turkey. 10th Symposium, EWRS. 22-26 June, P.22. Poznan, Poland.
43. Uludag, A. (1999). Integrated Pest Management in Turkey. Proceedings of The Workshop on Integrated Pest Management of Agricultural Pests for Oic Member Countries in Asia, 8-11 March, P.180-201, Islamabad, Pakistan.
44. Uludağ, A. (2003). Researches on herbicide-resistance in sterile wild oat in wheat fields in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. (Ph. D. Thesis) Ege University, Department of Plant Protection, İzmir, Turkey.
45. Uludag, A. (2017), Agriculture, Environment, Culture, Civilization in The Context of Konuralp Rice. 3rd International Duzce History, Culture and Art Symposium, 476-487, Düzce, Turkey.
46. Uludag, A. and Demir, A. (1996). Herbicide Consumption in The Area of Southeastern Anatolian Irrigation Project. The Second Turkish Pesticide Symposium, 18-20 November, P.80-90. Ankara, Turkey.
47. Uludag, A., Gullu, M., Tatli, F. and Toktay, H. (2002). Plant Protection Problems in Monoculture Wheat System. Congress and Exhibition for Cereal Products, 3-4 September, 2000, In Turkish with summary in English. P. 515-520. Adana, Turkey.
48. Uludag, A., Nemli, Y., Tal, A. and Rubin, B. (2007). Fenoxaprop resistance in sterile wild oat (Avena sterilis) in wheat fields in Turkey. Crop Protection, 26(7): 930-935.
49. Uludag, A., Tastan, B., Uremis, I., Uygur, F.N., Rusen, M. (Katkat) and Uzun, A. (1999). Changes in Weed Flora in Cereals. 11th Symposium, EWRS. 28 June-1 July, P.5, Basel, Switzerland.
50. Walia, U. S. and Brar, L. S. (2001). Competitive ability of wild oats (Avena ludoviciuna Dur.) and broad leaf weeds with wheat in relation to crop density and nitrogen levels. Indian Journal of Weed Science, 33(3and4): 120-123.
51. Yücel, E. (2004). Investigation of resistance problems of phalaris brachystachys Link. (short spiked canarygrass) is problem weed of wheat fileds in Cukurova region against to some wheat herbicides. (Ph. D. Thesis) Cukurova University, The Institute of Naturel and Applied Sciences, Adana, Turkey.
52. Zand, E., Benakashani, F., Soufizadeh, S., Ebrahimi, M., Minbash, M., Dastaran, F. and Forozesh, S. (2009). Study on the resistance of problematic grass weed species to clodinafop propargyl in wheat in Iran. Environmental Sciences, 6: 145-160.