Istranca Dağları'ndaki Doğal Mantar Toplamanın Bölgede Yaşayan İnsanların Ekonomik Gelişimine Etkisi

Yıl 2024, , 666 - 682, 27.05.2024

Emine Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1332016

Öz

Kırsal da kırsal nüfusu barındırabilecek ve kırsal nüfusu yerleşimde tutmayı başarabilecek yenilikçi yaklaşımlara gereksinim vardır. Bu noktada kırsal alanların yaşam koşullarının yeteri düzeyde karşılanacağı eylemlerin gerçekleştirilmesi ve kırsal kesimde yaşayanların gelir seviyelerini arttırmaya yönelik çalışmalar önem kazanmaktadır. Ormanların korunması ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin sürdürülmesi, o bölgede yaşayan köylüler tarafından ormanlardan toplanan odun dışı orman ürünleri açısından önem arz etmekte olup, bölgedeki yaşamın sürdürülebilirliği ve ekonomik geleceği açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmalar özellikle dağ ve orman köylerinde yaşayanlar için çok daha önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, Istranca Dağları'nda doğal olarak yetişen ve tüketim amacıyla kullanılan mantarların, bölgede yaşayan ailelerin ekonomisi ve kalkınması açısından önemini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, 2019 yılında Istranca Dağları'na yakın köylerde yaşayan ve mantar toplayan 130 katılımcıyla yüz yüze yapılan bir anket üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların doğada yetişen mantarlar hakkındaki görüşlerini belirleyen sorulara verdikleri cevaplar 5'li Likert ölçeği ile alınmış ve faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Mantar toplayıcılarının mantardan elde ettikleri gelirin günlük ihtiyaçlarına katkı sağladığı ancak refah düzeylerini artırmada önemli bir katkı sağlamadığı belirlenmiştir. Topladıkları mantarların gelirlerini arttırması için köylülerin pazarlama noktasında problemleri oluğu ve bu problemin çözümüne karşılık pazarlamanın daha etkili olabilmesi için köylülerin kooperatifler kurması ve kendi satış noktalarını oluşturması gerekmektedir. Mantar toplayıcıları, topladıkları mantarları kendi beslenmelerinde de kullanmaktadırlar. Köylülerin topladıkları mantarları yıl boyunca tüketimini sağlamak ve bu ürünlerden tüm yıl boyunca gelir elde etmelerini sağlayabilmek için köylülere mantar kurutma ve konserve yapma gibi eğitimler verilmelidir. Araştırmada yöre halkının mantarın ekonomiye katkısının farkında olduğu ve özellikle toplama mevsiminde gıda tüketimlerinin büyük bir kısmının doğada yetişen mantarlardan oluştuğu ve bu nedenle bölgede yaşayanlar açısından kırsal kalkınmada önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kırsal kalkınma, Doğal mantar, Mantar toplama, Orman köyleri, Istranca Dağı

The Effect of Wild Mushroom Collection in The Mountains of Strandja on The Economic Development of The People Living in The Region

Öz

There is a need for innovative approaches that can accommodate the rural population and manage to keep the rural population in the settlement. At this point, it is important to carry out actions that will adequately meet the living conditions of rural areas and to increase the income levels of rural people. The protection of forests and the maintenance of biological diversity are important in terms of non-wood forest products collected from the forests by the villagers living in that region, and it is very important for the sustainability and economic future of life in the region. In this study, a questionnaire was collected from 130 households living in the region to determine the importance of mushrooms, which grew naturally in the mountains of Strandja and were used for consumption, in terms of family economy and development. The empirical analysis was based on a face-to-face survey of 130 respondents living in villages close to the Strandja Mountains and collecting mushrooms in 2019. The answers given to the questions, which determined the opinions of the participants about the mushrooms growing in nature, were taken with a 5-point Likert scale and factor analysis was performed. Villagers collecting mushrooms could not get the income they wanted from the products they obtained. It was determined that the income of mushroom collectors from mushrooms contributed to their daily needs, but did not make a significant contribution to increasing their welfare level. For this, villagers needed to establish cooperatives and create their own sales points. Since the mushroom collectors used the mushrooms in their diets, the villagers should be trained in mushroom drying and canning to ensure mushroom consumption throughout the year. In the research, it was observed that the local people were aware of the contribution of mushrooms to the economy and that a large part of their food consumption consisted of mushrooms grown in nature and therefore it was important in rural development.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rural development, Wild mushroom, Mushroom collect, Forest villages, Strandja Mountain

Kaynakça

• Adanacioglu, N., Tan, A., Karabak, S. Guzelsoy, N. Ayas, F. Aykas, L., and Taylan, T. (2017). Economically important wild mush-room saffron milk cap (Lactarius Delicious L.) Gray] of Aegean Region, Turkey. Anadolu Journal of AARI, 27(2):91 – 96.
• Ali, M. A., Mehmood, M. I., Nawaz, R., Hanif M. A., and Wasim, R. (2007). Influence of substrate pasteurization methods on the yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus species). Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 44(2): 300-303.
• Allı, H., Şen, İ. (2016). Edibility and economical importance of Turkish mushrooms. Agriculture & Food, 4:415-423. https://www.scientific-publications.net/en/article/1001057/
• Anonymous (2021). The demographic structure of Güngörmez village. https://www.endeksa.com/tr/analiz/tekirdag/saray/ gungormez/demografi#nufus (Accessed Date: 25.08.2022).
• Anşin, R., Eminağaoğlu, Ö. and Göktürk, T. (2000). Edible Mushrooms in Artvin Province. Turkey VI. Edible Mushroom Congress, September 20-22, 122-129, Bergama, İzmir, Türkiye.
• Babar, M. H., Afzal, M., Bashir, M. H. and Ali, M. A., (2005). Chemical control of mushroom mite (tarsonimidae) at different time intervals and concentrations of dicofol, abamectin and hexythiazox. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 42(3-4): 2005.
• Boa, E. (2004). Wild Edible Fungi, A global overview of their use and importance to people, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. www.fao.org/3/a-y5489e.pdf
• Bulam, S., Ustun. S. N. and Pekşen, A. (2018). The most popular edible wild mushrooms in Vezirköprü District of Samsun Province. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 6(2): 189-194.
• Bulut, N. D., Bozlar, T. and Daşdemir, İ. (2021). The economic analysis of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivation in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences58: 1437-1444.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Data Analysis Handbook for Social Sciences. Ankara: Pegem A Publishing. Cai, M., Pettenella, D. and Vidale, E. (2011). Income generation from wild mushrooms in marginal rural areas. Forest Policy and Economics, 13: 221-226.
• Cai. Y., Gong, Y., Liu, W., Hu, Y., Chen, L., Yan, L., Zhou, Y. and Bian, Y. (2017). Comparative secretomic analysis of lignocellulose degradation by Lentinula edodes grown on microcrystalline cellulose, lignosulfonate and glucose. Journal of Proteomics, 163:92–101.
• Chang, S. T. and Miles, P. G. (2004). Mushrooms: Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Effect, and Environmental Impact, CRC Press, pp. 15- 18, Florida, ABD.
• DPT (2006). Ninth Five-Year Development Plan Turkiye, Ankara.
• Egli, S., Peter, M., Buser, C., Stahel,W. and Ayer, F. (2006). Mushroom picking does not impair future harvests – results of a long-term study in Switzerland. Biological Conservation, 129(2): 271-276.
• Eren, E., Süren, T. and Kızıleli, M. (2017). A conceptual evaluation of wild edible mushrooms in Turkey from a gastronomic perspective. Academic Journal of Tourism, 02: 77-89.
• Gujarati, D. N. (1999). Basic Econometrics (Translation. Ü. Şenesen and G.G. Şenesen), Literature Publishing, İstanbul.
• Gürbüz, İ. B. (2019). Nongreen revolution: a case study of wild-grown edible mushroom. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26:7954–7959.
• Hosmer, D. W., and Lemeshow, S. (1989). Applied Logistic Regression, John Willey & Sons.
• Huber, P., Hujala, T., Kurttila, M., Wolfslehner, B. and Vacik, H. (2019). Application of multi criteria analysis methods for a participatory assessment of non-wood forest products in two European case studies. Forest Policy and Economics, 103: 103–111.
• İşyar, Y. (1994). Econometric Models. Uludag University Press, Bursa, pages 258.
• Kalac, P., (2009). Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: A review. Food Chemistry, 69: 273–281.
• Karaman, S., and Yılmaz, I. (2007). Analysis of factors affecting use of bumble bees for the pollination in glasshouse tomatoes growing. Journal Tekirdag Agriculture Faculty, 4(1): 99-7. (in Turkish)
• Karpati, L. and Szakal, Z. (2009). Marketing characteristics of Tokaj Wine specialties based on factor and cluster analyses. Pages; 93-102 Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce, Agroinform Publishing House, Budapest.
• Keleş, A., and Gençcelep, H. (2020). Determination of elemental composition of some wild growing edible mushrooms. The Journal of Fungus, 11(2): 129-137.
• Keskin, G. (2021). A research of determinants of structural transformation in agriculture in Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 58: 1107-1114.
• Khan, S. M., Nawaz, A., Ali, M. A., Ahmad, T., Khan, N. A., and Rehman, A. U. (2012). Response of oyster mushroom on different agricultural wastes of Southern Punjab. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 49(2): 127-130.
• Kurtuluş, K. (2004). Marketing Studies (Extended 7th Edition). Literature Publications, Publication Number: 114, pages:397-418, İstanbul.
• Lovric, M., Re, D. R., Vidale, E., Prokofieva, I., Wong, J., Pettenella, D., Verkerk, P. J. and Robert Mavsar, R. (2020). Non-wood forest products in Europe – A quantitative overview. Forest Policy and Economics, 116 (2020):102175.
• Lovric, M., Re, D. R., Vidale, E., Prokofieva, I., Wong, J., Pettenella, D., Verkerk, P. J. and Robert Mavsar, R. (2021). Collection and consumption of non-wood forest products in Europe. Forestry, 2021: 1–14. https://doi.org.10.1093/forestry/cpab018
• Martínez de Aragón, J., Riera, P., Giergicznyc, M. and Colinas, C. (2011). Value of wild mushroom picking as an environmental service. Forest Policy and Economics, 13: 419-424.
• Martínez-Peña, F., Gómez Conejo, R., and Ortega-Martínez, P. (2007). MICODATA - Geographical information system on the production, use and management of mycological resources in Castilla y León. Available online: http://www.micodata.es (Accessed Date: 14/02/2021).
• Ness, M. (2000). Multivariate Techniques in Marketing Research. Curso de Especializacion Postuniversitaria en Marketing Agroalimentario, CHIEAM, Spain.
• Okan, O. T, Yıldız, S., Yılmaz, A., Barutçiyan, J. and Deniz, I., (2013). Wild Edible Mushrooms Having an Important Potential in East Black Sea Region. International Caucasian Forestry Symposium, 24-26 October, Artvin, Türkiye.
• Özdamar, K. (2004). Statistical Data Analysis with Package Programs 2. Eskişehir: Kaan Publications. Özer, H. (2004). Econometric Models with Qualitative Variables: Theory and an Application, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, Ankara.
• Pekşen, A. and Akdeniz, H., (2012). Nature mushrooms as an organic product. Duzce University Journal of Forestry, 8(1): 34-40.
• Pellicer-González, E., Martínez-Carrera, D., Sánchez, M., Aliphat, M., and Estrada-Torres, A. (2002). Rural Management and Market-Ing of Wild Edible Mushrooms In Mexico. IV International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, 433-443 pp., Cuernavaca, Mexico. ISBN 968-878-105-3.
• Sevindik, M. (2018). Heavy metals content and the role of Lepiota cristata as antioxidant in oxidative stress. Journal of Bacteriol Mycology, 6(4): 237‒239.
• Stryamets, N., Elbakidze, M., Ceuterick, M., Angelstam, P., and Axelsson, R. (2015). From economic survival to recreation: contemporary uses of wild food and medicine in rural Sweden, Ukraine and NW Russia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 11:53.
• Tekin, V. N. (2007). SPSS Applied Scientific Marketing Research. Seçkin Publishing, Ankara.
• Topçu, Y. (2006). Brand competition and consumer behaviors in dairy products: the case of Erzurum Province. (Ph.D. Thesis). Atatürk University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Economics, Erzurum.
• Türkoğlu, A. and Gezer, K. (2006). Macrofungi of Buldan Region. Buldan Symposium, November 23-24, pages; 377-388. Buldan, Türkiye.
• Uzundumlu, S. A. (2011). Investigation of processed and unprocessed drinking milk consumption behaviors in Erzurum Province. (Ph.D. Thesis) Atatürk University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Agricultural Economics, Erzurum.
• Wiersum, K. F. (2017). New interest in wild forest products in Europe as an expression of biocultural dynamics. Human Ecolgy, 45: 787–794.
• Wiersum, K. F., Wong, J. L.G., and Vacik, H. (2018). Perspectives on non-wood forest product development in Europe. International Forestry Review 20(2): 250-262.
• Yılmaz, A., Yıldız, S., Kılıç, C., and Can, Z. (2017). Protein contents and antioxidant properties of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on tea and espresso wastes. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(3;1): 177-18.