Effect of Suction Heads and Nutrient Solutions on Flow-Rates of Peristaltic Pumps Used in Hydroponics

Öz

To ensure the healthy growth of plants in hydroponics, it is crucial to determine the amount of nutrient solution that peristaltic pumps inject per unit time under various hydraulic conditions. The aim of this study is to test the effect of peristaltic pumps, suction heads and nutrient solutions on the flow-rate of the peristaltic pump. The tests of the flow-rate were conducted as aging and main test. Treatments consisted of 3 pumps (PP1, PP2 and PP3), 2 suction heads (30 (SH30) and 60 cm (SH60)) and 5 solutions (tap water (S1), stock A (S2), stock B (S3), nitric acid (HNO3) (S4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) (S5)). In both tests, the volume of liquid pumped by the pumps for 2 minutes was determined and the volume-time relationship was utilized to calculate flow-rates. Aging tests showed that the new peristaltic pumps should be used in nutrition dosing after aging number was equal and greater than 5. All treatments had significant effect (p<0.01) on flow-rates. The mean flow-rates of pumps (PP1, PP2 and PP3) were found to be 102.0, 103.4 and 103.7 mL min-1, respectively. The flow-rates of PP2 and PP3 are 1.36% and 1.67% greater than that’s of PP1, and they could vary according to the pumps. Average flow rates for SH30 and SH60 were found as 103.6 and 102.5 mL min-1, and flow rate decreased by 1.1% when the suction head increased from 30 to 60cm. The highest average flow-rate was obtained in tap water (S1=104.7 mL min-1), while the lowest average flow rate (S5=101.2 mL min-1) was found for Stock B. Flow rates of the S1, S2, S4 and S5 compared with the lowest flow-rate of solution (S3=101.2 mL min-1) were found to be higher as 3.51%, 1.78%, 1.1% and 2.66%, respectively. The highest flow-rates changed between S1-S3, and the lowest ones between S4-S5. As the specific weights of the solutions decreased, the flow-rates of the pumps increased. The pumps should be used after their flow-rates are determined according to suction head, peristaltic pumps and solutions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Calibration
• Hydroponic
• Solution
• Aging
• Specific weight

Hidroponikte Kullanılan Peristaltik Pompaların Debisine Besin Çözeltilerinin ve Emme Yüksekliklerinin Etkisi

Öz

Hidroponik sistemlerde bitkilerin sağlıklı büyümesini sağlamak için peristaltik pompaların çeşitli hidrolik koşullar altında birim zamanda enjekte ettiği besin çözeltisi miktarının belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı peristaltik pompaların, emme yüksekliklerinin ve besin çözeltilerinin peristaltik pompanın debisi üzerindeki etkisini test etmektir. Debi testleri eskitme ve ana test olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Deneme konuları 3 pompa (PP1, PP2 ve PP3), 2 emme yüksekliği (30 (SH30) ve 60 cm (SH60)) ve 5 çözeltiden (musluk suyu (S1), stok A (S2), stok B (S3), nitrik asit (HNO3) (S4) ve potasyum hidroksit (KOH) (S5)) oluşmuştur. Her iki testte de pompalar tarafından 2 dakika süreyle pompalanan sıvının hacmi belirlenmiş ve akış hızlarının hesaplanmasında hacim-zaman ilişkisinden yararlanılmıştır. Eskitme testleri, eskitme sayısının 2 dakika süreyle 5'e eşit ve büyük olması durumunda yeni peristaltik pompaların besin dozajında kullanılması gerektiğini göstermiştir. Tüm uygulamaların debi üzerinde anlamlı (p<0.01) etkisi olmuştur. Pompaların (PP1, PP2 ve PP3) ortalama debileri sırasıyla 102.0, 103.4 ve 103.7 mL dk-1 olarak bulunmuştur. PP2 ve PP3'ün debileri PP1'e göre %1.36 ve %1.67 daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiş ve pompalara göre değişebileceği gösterilmiştir. SH30 ve SH60 için ortalama debileri 103.6 ve 102.5 mL dk-1 olarak bulunmuş, emme yüksekliği 30 cm'den 60 cm'ye çıkarıldığında akış hızı %1.1 oranında azalmıştır. En yüksek ortalama akış hızı musluk suyunda (S1=104.7 mL dk-1) elde edilirken, en düşük ortalama akış hızı (S5=101.2 mL dk-1) Stok B'de elde edilmiştir. S1, S2, S4 ve S5 konularının debileri, solüsyonun en düşük debisiyle (S3=101.2 mL dk-1) karşılaştırıldığında sırasıyla %3.51, %1.78, %1.1 ve %2.66 daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. En yüksek debiler S1-S3 arasında, en düşük debiler ise S4-S5 arasında değişmiştir. Çözeltilerin özgül ağırlıkları azaldıkça pompaların debileri artmıştır. Peristaltik pompalar, emme yüksekliğine ve solüsyonlara göre debileri belirlendikten sonra kullanılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kalibrasyon
• Topraksız tarım
• Çözelti
• Eskitme
• Özgül ağırlık

Kaynakça

1. Cangir, C., Boyraz, D. (2008). Climate change and impact of desertification or soil/ land degradation in Turkey, combating desertification. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 5(2): 169-186.
2. Chowdhury, M. E., Khandakar, A., Ahmed, S., Al-Khuzaei, F., Hamdalla, J., Haque, F., Bin Ibne Reaz, M., Al Shafei, A. and Al-Emadi, N. R. (2020). Design, construction and testing of iot based automated indoor vertical hydroponics farming test-bed in Qatar. Sensors, 20(19): 5637.
3. Demir, A., Arslan, F. M. and Günerhan, H. (2020). Creating the sizing algorithm of a photovoltaic pump system. Mühendis ve Makina, 61(701): 280-298 (in Turkish).
4. Doğan, H. (2008). Ventilation and Air Conditioning Principles. Seçkin Yayıncılık. Ankara (in Turkish). Elabbasi, N., Bergstrom, J. and Brown, S. (2011). Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of a Peristaltic Pump. COMSOL Conference, 1–4 February, Burlington, Massachusetts, US.
5. Fadillah, D., Faroqi A., Kamelia, L. and Fathonih, A. (2021). AB Mix Hydroponics Nutrient Solution Concentration Control Using Microcontroller Based On-Off Control Method. 7th International Conference on Wireless and Telematics (ICWT), 19-20 August, P. 1-5, Bandung, Indonesia.
6. Frank's Hospital Workshop. (2023). Peristaltic Pump. http://www.frankshospitalworkshop.com/equipment/documents/infusion_ pumps/wikipedia/Peristaltic%20pump.pdf (Accessed Date: 25.03.2023).
7. Gebhardt, M. R., Kliethermes, A. R. and Goering, C. E. (1984). Metering concentrated pesticides. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 27(1):18-23.
8. Jacobs, C., Kjellstrand, C. M., Koch, K. M. and Winchester, J. F. (1996). Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis. Springer, Netherlands.

9. Jaffrin, M. Y. and Shapiro, A. H. (1971). Peristaltic pumping. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 3(1): 13-37.
10. Jones, J. B. (2005). Hydroponics: A Practical Guide for The Soilless Grower. CRC Press. Boca Raton. Florida, US. Jones, J. B. (2014). Complete Guide for Growing Plants Hydroponically. CRC Press.
11. Kamoer (2023a). Peristaltic Metering Pumps. https://www.amazon.com/Kamoer-Peristaltic-Hydroponics-Nutrient-analytical/dp/B07GWJ 78FN (Accessed Date: 06.09.2023).
12. Kamoer (2023b). Product Catalogue. http://www.peristaltic-pump.net/upload/Kamoer-catalog.pdf (Accessed Date: 07.09.2023).
13. Kanber, R. and Ünlü, M. (2010). Water and Soil Salinity in Agriculture. Çukurova Üniversitesi (in Turkish). Kılıç, A., Kuzucu, M. and Gökçen, İ. S. (2023). Kilis ili tarım topraklarının beslenme durumunun incelenmesi. Jounral of Tekirdağ Agricultural Faculty, 20(3): 631- 64.
14. Klespitz, J. and Kovács, L. (2014). Peristaltic Pumps: A Review on Working and Control Possibilities. 12th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (SAMI) 23-25 January, P. 191-194 Herl’any, Slovakia.
15. Misra, M. (2005). The basics of hemodialysis equipment. Hemodialysis International, 9:30-36.
16. Mutaf, S. (2004). The principle of environment control in poultry houses. XXII World’s Poultry Congress, 8-23 June, İstanbul, Türkiye.
17. Netafim (2015). Drip Irrigation Handbook, Understanding the Basics. https://www.netafim.com/499749/globalassets/products/drippers-and-dripperlines/drip-irrigation-system-handbook.pdf (Accessed Date:01.03.2023).
18. Nielsen, N. E. (1984). Crop Production in Recirculating Nutrient Solution According to The Principle of Regeneration. 6th International Congress on Soilless Culture, 29 April-5 May P. 421–446, Lunteren, Netherlands.
19. Niu, G. and Masabni, J. (2022). Hydroponics. In Plant Factory Basics, Applications and Advances (pp. 153-166). Academic Press.
20. Pinto, D. F. (2022). HydroBuddy: An Open Source Nutrient Calculator For Hydroponics and General Agriculture, v1.100. https://github.com/danielfppps/hydrobuddy (Accessed Date: 02.04.2023).
21. Prodoz (2023) PRSX Serisi Peristaltik Pompalar (Deterjan ve Parlatıcı Pompaları) https://www.sisdoz.com.tr/urunlerimiz/prodoz-prsx-serisi-peristaltik-pompalar-urunu (Accessed Date: 02.04.2023).
22. Resh, H. M. (2013). Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive Guidebook for the Advanced Home Gardener and the Commercial Hydroponic Grower. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
23. Saaid, M. F., Yahya, N. A. M., Noor, M. Z. H. and Ali, M. M. (2013). A Development of an Automatic Microcontroller System for Deep Water Culture (DWC). 9th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 8 - 10 March, P. 328-332 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
24. Salmasi. F., Abraham, J. and Salmasi, A. (2022). Evaluation of variable speed pumps in pressurized water distribution systems. Applied Water Science, 12(3): 51.
25. Şimşek, A. and Atila G. (2018). Ornamental plant seedlings in the production Aerofog (Aeroponic) comparison with other classic rooting environment system. Süleyman Demirel University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 22(2): 760-767. (in Turkish)
26. Tandil, R., Yapson, J., Atmadja, W., Liawatimena, S. and Susanto, R. (2018). Hydroponic Nutrient Mixing System Based on STM32. Earth and Environmental Science, 195(1):1-10.
27. Triantino, S.B., Mulwinda, A., Hangga, A., Utomo, A.B., Salim, N.A. and Nisa, A.M. (2022). Control System of Nutrient Solution pH Using Fuzzy Logic for Hydroponics System. 9th International Conference on Information Technology, Computer, and Electrical Engineering (ICITACEE), 25-26 August, P. 71-75, Semarang, Indonesia.
28. Way, T. R., Bashford, L. L., Von Bargen, K. and Grisso. R. D. (1990). Peristaltic pump accuracy in metering herbicides. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 6(3):273-276.