The Effect of Heavy Metals in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotypes for Some Physiological Parameters

Yıl 2024, , 980 - 987, 20.09.2024

Imer Rusinovci , Sali Aliu , Sefer Demirbaş , Dukagjin Zeka , Mimoza Jakupi

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1391265

Öz

The main aim of this study is to identify physiological characteristics, including Chl a, b, total Chl "a+b" and carotenoids, in potato genotypes under the influence of lead (Pb+2) and cadmium (Cd+2) heavy metals. Two potato genotypes from the Netherlands, Riviera and Agria, were used in the study. Potato tubers were transferred to 2 kg compost pots and placed in a controlled environment with a 12 photoperiod, a day/night temperature of 25/19°C and a relative humidity of 75%. Since Pb+2 and Cd+2 poisoning was greater than in the control and different fractions of heavy metal residues in the substrate were transferred to plant organs, the amounts of these two metals in each treatment (outside the control) were measured. Plant pigments were extracted from fresh leaves in amounts ranging from 60 to 100 mg and these were then extracted into samples containing 80/20% (v/v) acetone/water with 0.5% w/v MgCO3 at room temperature for a full day. Photosynthetic pigments of each sample were extracted three times. The absorbances obtained at 663 nm, 644 nm and 452.5 nm for the maximum absorption of Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids, respectively, were used to measure the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids. Differences between Pb+2 and Cd+2 and physiological markers were examined with the Duncan Multiple Range test. Information on Pb+2 and Cd+2 content in applications revealed wide variability. When potato genotype seedlings were exposed to varying levels of Pb+2 and Cd+2, the amount of chlorophyll and carotenoids in their leaves was lower than the control group. The results showed that there were significant and statistically significant changes in carotenoid and chlorophyll concentration at the LSD p = 0.01 level. Similar to Pb+2 and Cd+2 inhibiting plant growth, it had a negative effect on photosynthesis as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Moreover, these effects became more pronounced when the concentrations of two stress factors (Pb+2 and Cd+2) increased.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Potato, Cd+2, Pb+2, Chlorophyll, Carotenoids, Heavy metals

Patates (Solanum tuberosum L.) Genotiplerinde Ağır Metallerin Bazı Fizyolojik Parametrelere Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, kurşun (Pb+2) ve kadmiyum (Cd+2) ağır metallerinin etkisi altındaki patates genotiplerindeki Chl a, b, toplam Chl "a+b" ve karotenoidler dahil olmak üzere fizyolojik özelliklerin tanımlanmasıdır. Hollanda'dan iki patates genotipi, Riviera ve Agria, çalışmada kullanılmıştır.Patates yumruları 2 kg'lık kompost saksılarına aktarılarak 12 fotoperiyodu, 25/19°C gündüz/gece sıcaklığı ve %75 bağıl nemi olan kontrollü bir ortama yerleştirildi. Pb+2 ve Cd+2 zehirlenmesi kontrolden daha fazla olduğundan ve substrattaki ağır metal kalıntılarının farklı kısımları bitki organlarına aktarıldığından, bu iki metalin her bir uygulamadaki (kontrol dışında) miktarları ölçülmüştür. Bitki pigmentleri, 60 ila 100 mg arasında değişen miktarlarda taze yapraklardan ekstrakte edildi ve bunlar daha sonra, tam bir gün boyunca oda sıcaklığında %0,5 w/v MgCO3 ile %80/20 (h/h) aseton/su içeren örneklere ekstrakte edildi. Her örneğin fotosentetik pigmentleri üç kez ekstrakte edildi. Chl a, Chl b ve karotenoidlerin maksimum emilimi için sırasıyla 663 nm, 644 nm ve 452,5 nm'de elde edilen absorbanslar, klorofil ve karotenoid miktarını ölçmek için kullanılmıştır. Pb+2 ve Cd+2 ile fizyolojik belirteçler arasındaki farklar Duncan Çoklu Aralık testi ile incelenmiştir. Uygulamalardaki Pb+2 ve Cd+2 içeriğine ilişkin bilgiler geniş bir değişkenlik ortaya koymuştur. Patates genotipi fideleri değişen seviyelerde Pb+2 ve Cd+2 'ye maruz bırakıldığında, yapraklarındaki klorofil ve karotenoid miktarı kontrol grubuna göre daha düşük olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar, karotenoid ve klorofil konsantrasyonunda LSD p = 0.01 düzeyinde belirgin ve istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde değişiklikler olduğunu göstermiştir. Pb+2 ve Cd+2'nin bitki büyümesini engellemesine benzer şekilde, klorofil ve karotenoid içeriklerinin yanı sıra fotosentez üzerinde de olumsuz bir etkisi olmuştur. Ayrıca, bu etkiler iki stres faktörünün (Pb+2 ve Cd+2) konsantrasyonları arttığında daha belirgin hale gelmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Patates, Cd+2, Pb+2, Klorofil, Karotenoid, Ağır metaller

Kaynakça

• Aliu, S., Gashi, B., Rusinovci, I., Fetahu, S., and Vataj, R. (2013). Effects of some heavy metals in some morpho-physiological parameters in maize seedlings. American Journal of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 9(1): 27.
• Aliu, S., Rusinovci, I., Gashi, B., Kaul, H. P., Rozman, L. and. Fetahu, Sh. (2014). Genetic diversity for mineral content and photosynthetic pigments in local bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) populations. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 12: 635–639.
• Baszyński, T., Warchołowa, M., Krupa, Z., Tukendorf, A., Król, M. and Wolińska, D. (1980). The effect of magnesium dificiency on photochemical activities of rape and buckwheat chloroplasts. Zeitschriftfür Pflanzenphysiologie, 99(4): 295-303.
• Bradshaw, J. E. and Ramsay, G. (2005). Utilisation of the common wealth potato collection in potato breeding. Euphytica, 146, 9-19.
• Cannata, M. G., Carvalho, R., Bertoli, A. C., Augusto, A. S., Bastos, A. R. R., Carvalho, J. G. and Freitas, M. P. (2013). Effects of cadmium and lead on plant growth and content of heavy metals in arugula cultivated in nutritive solution. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 44(5): 952-961.
• Dong, Y., Luo, W., Fan, T., Xiong, X., Sun, L. and Hu, X. (2020). Cultivar diversity and organ differences of cadmium accumulation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) allow the potential for Cd-safe staple food production on contaminated soils. Science of the Total Environment, 711: 134534.
• Fargašová, A. (2001). Phytotoxic effects of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu and Fe on Sinapis alba L. Seedlings and their accumulation in roots and shoots. Biologia plantarum, 44: 471-473.
• Farooq, M., Anwar, F., and Rashid, U. (2008). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. Pakistan Journal Botany, 40(5): 2099-2106.
• Giardi, M. T., Masojidek, J. and Godde, D. (1997). Discussion on the stresses affecting the turnover of the D1 reaction centre II protein. Physiologia Plantarum, 101(3): 635-642.
• Horváth, E., Szalai, G. and Janda T. (2007). Induction of abiotic stress tolerance by salicylic acid signaling. Journal Plant Growth Regulation,.26: 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-007-9017-4
• Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew B. B., Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals .Interdiscip Toxicolology, 7(2):60-72. https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2014-0009
• Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants (3rd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/978142003990
• Lichtenthaler, H. K. (1986). Laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence of living plants. In International geoscience and remote sensing symposium (pp. 1571-1579).
• Malkowski, E., Kurtyka, R. and Kita, A. (2005). Accumulation of Pb and Cd and its effect on Ca distribution in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.). Polish Journal Environmental Study, 14: 203-207.
• Meagher, R. B. (2000). Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants. Current opinion in plant biology, 3(2): 153-162.
• Mobin, M. and Khan, N. A. (2007). Photosynthetic activity, pigment composition and antioxidative response of two mustard (Brassica juncea) cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity subjected to cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164(5): 601-610.
• Moya, J. L., Ros, R. and Picazo, I. (1993). Influence of cadmium and nickel on growth, net photosynthesis and carbohydrate distribution in rice plants. Photosynthesis research, 36: 75-80.
• Nedelkoska, T. V., and Doran, P. M. (2000). Characteristics of heavy metal uptake by plant species with potential for phytoremediation and phytomining. Minerals Engineering, 13(5): 549-561.
• Özdemir, N. (2023). Effects of combination of copper fungicide and plant activator on late blight and quality criteria of potato. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(1): 145-154.
• Pál, M., Horváth, E., Janda, T., Páldi, E. and Szalai, G. (2006). Physiological changes and defense mechanisms induced by cadmium stress in maize. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 169(2): 239-246.
• Paunov, M., Koleva, L., Vassilev, A., Vangronsveld, J. and Goltsev, V. (2018). Effects of different metals on photosynthesis: cadmium and zinc affect chlorophyll fluorescence in durum wheat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(3): 787.
• Quartacci, M. F., Argilla, A., Baker, A. J. M. and Navari-Izzo, F. (2006). Phytoextraction of metalsfrom a multiply contaminated soil by Indian mustard. Chemosphere, 63(6): 918-925.
• Rusinovci, I., Aliu, S., Fetahu, S. H., Kaçiu, S., Salihu, S., Zeka, D. and Berisha, D. (2012). Contents of mineral substances in the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers depending on cultivar and locality in the agro-ecological conditions of Kosovo. Acta Horticulturae, (960): 289-292.
• Rusinovci, I., Aliu, S., Fetahu, S., Sedlak, P. and Zeka, D. (2015). The mineral composition in some local potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) populations growing in Kosovo. Poljoprivredai Sumarstvo, 61(2): 93-100.
• Rusinovci, I., Fetahu, S., Aliu, S., Kaciu, S. and Salihu, S. (2010). The comparison of some potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) for quantitative and qualitative parameters. Науч. тр. Пловдив, 55: 21-26.
• Singh, S. and Sinha, S. (2005). Accumulation of metals and its effects in Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (cv. Rohini) grown on various amendments of tannery waste. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 62(1): 118-127.
• Swarup, S., Cargill, E. J., Crosby, K., Flagel, L., Kniskern, J. and Glenn, K. C. (2021). Genetic Diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science; 61: 839-852.
• Taiz, L. and Zeiger E. (2002). Plant physiology. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
• Turfan, N. (2022). Comparison of bulb yield, some bioactive compound, and elemental profile of Taşköprü garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown in green house and open field conditions. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(2): 248-261.
• Yıldırım, E., Ekinci, M., Turan, M., Agar, G., Örs, S., Dursun, A., Kul, R. and Balcı, T. (2019). Impact of cadmium and lead heavy metal stress on plant growth and physiology of rocket (Erucasativa L.). KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 22(6): 843-850.
• Zhou, H., Zeng, M., Zhou, X., Liao, B. H., Peng, P. Q., Hu, M. and Zou, Z. J. (2015). Heavy metal translocation and accumulation in iron plaques and plant tissues for 32 hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Plant and Soil, 386: 317-329.