Determination of The Prevalence of Honey Bee Diseases and Parasites in Samples from Sivas Province

Öz

Honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), are the most important pollinators of agricultural products and plants in the natural environment. Honeybees are an important ecosystem component due to their role in nature and agricultural production. Bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic factors in bee farms are among the most important causes of honey bee colony losses. Honey bee diseases (bacterial, fungal and viral) and parasites are among the most important factors limiting beekeeping development and production efficiency in Türkiye. In addition to diseases caused by bacterial and fungal agents, diseases caused by viral agents are very diverse. Viruses, especially mixed infections, cause colony losses and are the most important factors in the decline of honey bee colonies. In this study the presence and prevalence of honey bee pathogens (Varroa destructor, Nosema ceranae, Paenibacillus larvae, and nine viruses) in suspicious samples with colony losses were investigated in Sivas province. For this purpose, microscopic, microbiological, and molecular methods were investigated on larvae and adult bee. The results showed that the most common viral pathogens in samples from Sivas province were Deformed Wing Virus (70%), Apis mellifera Filamentous Virus (60%), Black Queen Cell Virus (60%), Sacbrood Virus (55%) and Varroa destructor virus-1 (40%), respectively. In some samples, it was observed that there was a double (17.5%), triple (30%), quadruple (22.5%), or even quintuple (17.5%) association of viral agents. The viral infection/varroa coexistence rate was determined to be 50%. It was determined that 22.5% of the samples examined contained Nosema spores, while 12.5% were positive for P. larvae. Revealing the distribution of bee diseases will help beekeepers in disease-fighting and taking measures. This study showed the presence of the AmFV and the Varroa destructor virüs-1 in the Sivas province of Türkiye for the first time.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apis mellifera L.
• Honey bee pathogens
• Virus
• Varroa destructor
• Sivas

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Sivas İli Örneklerinde Bal Arısı Hastalıkları ve Parazitlerin Yaygınlığının Belirlenmesi

Öz

Bal arıları, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), doğal ortamdaki tarım ürünleri ve bitkilerin en önemli tozlayıcılarıdır. Bal arıları doğadaki ve tarımsal üretimdeki bu rolleri nedeniyle ekosistemin önemli bir bileşenidir. Arı çiftliklerinde bakteriyel, fungal, viral ve paraziter faktörler bal arısı koloni kayıplarının en önemli nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bal arısı hastalıkları (bakteriyel, fungal ve viral) ve parazitleri Türkiye'de arıcılığın gelişmesini ve üretim verimliliğini sınırlayan en önemli faktörler arasında yer almaktadır. Bakteriyel ve fungal etkenlerin neden olduğu hastalıkların yanı sıra viral etkenlerin neden olduğu hastalıklar da oldukça çeşitlidir. Virüsler, özellikle de karışık enfeksiyonlar koloni kayıplarına neden olur ve bal arısı kolonilerinin azalmasındaki en önemli faktörlerdir. Bu çalışmada Sivas ilinde koloni kayıpları olan şüpheli örneklerde bal arısı patojenlerinin (Nosema ceranae, Varroa destructor, Paenibacillus larvae ve dokuz virüs) varlığı ve yaygınlığı araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla larva ve ergin arılarda mikroskobik, mikrobiyolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar Sivas ilinden alınan örneklerde en sık görülen viral patojenlerin sırasıyla Deformed Wing Virus (%70), Apis mellifera filamentous virus (%60), Black Queen Cell Virus (%60), Sacbrood Virus (%55) ve Varroa destructor virus-1 (%40) olduğunu göstermiştir. Bazı örneklerde viral etkenlerin ikili (%17.5), üçlü (%30), dörtlü (%22.5) ve hatta beşli (%17.5) birlikteliği olduğu görülmüştür. Viral enfeksiyon/varroa birlikteliği oranı %50 olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen örneklerde Nosema spor varlığı %22.5, P. larvae pozitiflik oranı ise %12.5 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Arı hastalıkları dağılımının ortaya çıkarılması arıcılara hastalıklarla mücadele ve önlem alma konusunda yardımcı olacaktır. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'nin Sivas ilinde ilk kez AmFV ve Varroa destructor-1 virüsünün varlığını gösterilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apis mellifera L.
• Bal arısı patojenleri
• Virus
• Varroa destructor
• Sivas

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma için etik kuruldan izin alınmasına gerek yoktur.

Kaynakça

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