Effects of Different Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Potassium Doses on Yield, Yield Components, and Fruit Quality of Tomato Grown in Alkaline and Acidic Soils

Öz

Different nitrogen fertilizers and potassium applications have an important impact on the yield and yield components and fruit-quality parameters of tomatoes in both alkaline and acidic reaction soils. This study investigated the effects of different nitrogenous fertilizers and potassium doses on the yield, yield components, and fruit quality of tomatoes grown on alkaline and acidic soils. The experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty, at Selcuk University. It was performed by using two different soil types, three nitrogen fertilizers [ammonium sulfate (AS), ammonium sulfate with inhibitor (AS+inh.), and calcium nitrate (CaNit)], and three different concentrations of potassium sulfate (0, 240, and 480 mg K2O kg-1). We conducted the study by using a randomized experimental plot design with four replications. According to the research results, the highest fruit yield in alkaline soil was 'inh. AS and 480 mg K2O kg-1', while the highest fruit yield in acid soils was obtained with 'calcium nitrate and 240 mg K2O kg-1'. Furthermore, different nitrogen sources and potassium doses significantly affected tomato yield components such as stem diameter, plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit hardness, fruit pH, and Brix values. According to the results of the completed soil analysis, the applications demonstrated the importance of accurate and balanced fertilization for high-yield and quality tomato production in different soils. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate nitrogen fertilizers and potassium doses to increase tomato yield and yield components in alkaline and acidic soils. It provides valuable insights for tomato farmers and researchers seeking to improve tomato cultivation techniques in different soil conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Acidic and Alkaline soil
• Fruit quality
• Nitrogen
• Potassium
• Tomato
• Yield

Farklı Azotlu Gübreler ve Potasyum Dozlarının Alkalin ve Asidik Topraklarda Yetiştirilen Domatesin Verim, Verim Unsurları ve Meyve Kalitesine Etkileri

Öz

Farklı azotlu gübreler ve potasyum uygulamaları, alkalin ve asidik reaksiyon topraklarda domatesin verim ve verim unsurları ile meyve kalite parametreleri üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, farklı azotlu gübreler ve potasyum dozlarının alkalin ve asidik topraklarda yetiştirilen oturak sofralık domatesin verim, verim unsurları ve meyve kalitesi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Deneme Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma serasında, iki farklı toprak, üç azotlu gübre [amonyum sülfat (AS), inhibitörlü amonyum sülfat (AS+inh.) ve kalsiyum nitrat (CaNit)] ve üç farklı potasyum dozu (0, 240 ve 480 mg K2O kg-1; potasyum sülfat) kullanılarak tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, alkalin toprakta en yüksek meyve verimi ‘inh. AS ve 480 mg K2O kg-1’ interaksiyonundan elde edilirken, asidik toprakta en yüksek meyve verimi ‘kalsiyum nitrat ve 240 mg K2O kg-1’ interaksiyonundan alınmıştır. Sonuç olarak, azotlu gübre ve potasyum dozlarının farklı uygulamalarının çeşitli toprak koşullarında domates üretimini artırabileceği ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, farklı azot kaynakları ve potasyum dozları domatesin gövde çapı, bitki uzunluğu, bitki başına meyve sayısı, meyve ağırlığı, meyve çapı, meyve sertliği, meyve pH’sı ve briks değerleri gibi verim unsurlarını da istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeylerde etkilemiştir. Farklı azot kaynakları ve potasyum dozlarının verim ve verim unsurları üzerindeki etkilerinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğunu tespit edilmiş olup, yüksek kalitede domates yetiştiriciliği için doğru ve dengeli gübrelemenin önemini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma alkali ve asidik topraklarda domates verimini ve verim unsurlarını artırmak için uygun azotlu gübre ve potasyum dozlarının belirlenmesinin gerektiğini açıklamaktadır. Farklı toprak koşullarında domates yetiştirme tekniklerini geliştirmek isteyen çiftçiler ile araştırmacılar için önemli bilgiler sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Alkalin ve asidik toprak
• Azot
• Domates
• Meyve kalitesi
• Potasyum
• Verim

Destekleyen Kurum

Coordinator of Scientific Research of Selcuk University (Project No: 18201002).

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank the Coordinator of Scientific Research for the financial support of this study.

Kaynakça

1. Altıntaş, S. (2017). Effects of seedling age, and different levels of N, K and K/N on quality and yield of tomato grown in perlite bag culture. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, The Special Issue of 2nd International Balkan Agriculture Congress: 55-61.
2. Armstrong, D. I. (1998). Potassium Interactions with Other Nutrients. Better Crops, 28(3): 12-14.
3. Ashraf, M. Y., Hussain, F., Akhter, J., Gul, A., Ross, M. and Ebert, G. (2008). Effect of different sources and rates of nitrogen and supra optimal level of potassium fertilization on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by sugarcane grown under saline conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(4): 1521-1531.
4. Awaad, M. S., Badr, R. A., Badr, M. A. and Abd-elrahman, A. H. (2016). Effects of different nitrogen and potassium sources on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) yield in a sandy soil. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 5(4): 299-306.
5. Bayraklı, F. (1987). Soil and Plant Analysis. Ondokuz Mayıs University, Faculty of Agriculture, Publication, (17), 199, Samsun, Türkiye. (in Turkish)
6. Bayraktar, K. (1970). Vegetable Cultivation. Volume II. Ege University. Faculty of Agriculture. Publication No: 169, 480, Izmir, Türkiye. (in Turkish)
7. Bouyoucos, G. J. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 43(9): 434-438.
8. Bremner, J. M. (1965). Inorganic forms of nitrogen. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, American Society of Agronomy, Eds: Black, C.A., pp. 1179-1237, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

9. Campbell, C. (2000). Reference sufficiency ranges for plant analysis in the southern region of the United States. ISBN: 1-58161-394-6. Southern Cooperative Series 53Bulletin #394 July 2000 Updated and reformatted July 2009, https://www.ncagr.gov/agronomi/saaesd/scsb394.pdf (accessed Date 15.09.2018).
10. Cartwright, B., Rathjen, A., Sparrow, D., Paull, J. and Zarcinas, B. (1983). Boron tolerance in Australian varieties of wheat and barley. In Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition. 2nd International Symposium on Genetic Aspects of Plant Mineral Nutrition, organized by the University of Wisconsin, Madison, June 16–20, pp. 139-151. Springer Netherlands.
11. Cemeroglu, B. (1992). Basic Analysis Methods in Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry. Biltav Press, Ankara, Turkey. (In Turkish)
12. Ceylan, S., Mordogan, N., Yoldas, F. and Yağmur, B. (2001). The effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, nitrogen accumulation and content of nutrients in the tomato plant. Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 38(2/3): 103-110.
13. Çağlar, K. Ö. (1949). Soil Knowledge. Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Publications No:10, Ankara. (in Turkish)
14. Çolpan, E., Zengin, M. and Özbahçe, A. (2013). The effects of potassium on the yield and fruit quality components of stick tomato. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 54(1): 20-28.
15. Dam, B. V. Goffau, M. D. Lidt de Jeude, J. V. and Naika, S. (2005). Cultivation of tomato: production, processing and marketing. Agrodok; 17. Agromisa/CTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
16. Demirkıran, A. R., Ozbay, N. and Demir, Y. (2012). The effect of leonardite and inorganic fertilizers on the tomato growth. Turkish Journal of Nature and Science, 1(2): 48-52.
17. Fandi, M., Muhtaseb, J. and Hussein, M. (2010). Effect of N, P, K concentrations on yield and fruit quality of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) in tuff culture. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 11(2): 179-184.
18. FAO (1992). Vegetable Juices. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2515E/y2515e18.htm (Accessed Date: 15.01.2019).
19. Gelmez, C. and Müftüoğlu, N. M. (2018). Effect of different calcium doses and nitrogen fertilizers on yield and yield characteristic in tomatoes. Journal of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4 (2): 134-148. (in Turkish)
20. Haby, V. A., Russelle, M. P. and Skogley, E. O. (1990). Testing soils for Potassium, Calcium, and magnesium. In: Soil Testing and Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. Eds: Westerman, R. L., Madison, WI: SSSA, p. 181–227.
21. Huett, D. and Dettmann, E. (1988). Effect of nitrogen on growth, fruit quality and nutrient uptake of tomatoes grown in sand culture. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 28(3): 391-399.
22. Jackson, M. L. (1958). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall. Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 498, 183-204.
23. Javaria, S., Khan, M. and Bakhsh, I. (2012). Effect of potassium on chemical and sensory attributes of tomato fruit. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 22(4): 1081-1085.
24. Javaria, S., Khan, M., Rahman, H. and Bakhsh, I. (2012). Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) yield and post-harvest life to potash levels. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 28(2): 227-235.
25. Jung, H. B., Ito, T. and Maruo, T. (1994). Effects of shading and NO3:NH4 ratios in the nutrient solution on the growth and yield of pepper plants in nutrient film technique culture. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 63(2): 371-377.
26. Kacar, B., Katkat, A. V. and Öztürk, Ş. (2002). Plant Physiology. Uludağ University Strengthening Foundation Publication, No: 198, Vipaş A.Ş. Publication No: 74. Livane Printing House, Istanbul. p: 563. (in Turkish)
27. Karaman, M. R. and Brohi, A. R. (1996). Effect of nitrogenous fertilizers applied in different forms on iron, copper, zinc and manganese content of tomato plant (Lycopersicon Esculentum L.). Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, (1): 397-410.
28. Kotsiras, A., Olympios, C. and Passam, H. (2005). Effects of nitrogen form and concentration on yield and quality of cucumbers grown on rockwool during spring and winter in southern Greece. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28(11): 2027-2035.
29. Leigh, R. and Wyn Jones, R. (1984). A hypothesis relating critical potassium concentrations for growth to the distribution and functions of this ion in the plant cell. New Phytologist, 97(1): 1-13.
30. Lindsay, W. L. and Norwell, W. A. (1978). Development of DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, (42): 421-428.
31. Natlia, S. A., Maria, E. D. S. F., Leonardo, A. A., Flvio, L. F. and Natalia, O. S. (2018). Nutritional quality of tomatoes as a function of nitrogen sources and doses. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(19): 996-1000.
32. Nzanza, B. (2006). Yield and quality of tomato as influenced by differential Ca, Mg and K nutrition. (MSc. Thesis). Conducted at the Department of Plant Production and Soil Science in the Faculty of natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
33. Olsen, S. V., Cole, F. S., Watanable, W. and Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of Available Phosphorus in Soils by Extraction with Sodium Bicarbonate. United States Department of Agriculture Circ no.939, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
34. Öktüren Asri, F. and Sönmez, S. (2010). Reflection of different applications of potassium and iron fertilization on tomato yield and fruit quality in soilless medium. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 8(3-4): 426-429.
35. Öztürk, B., Zengin, M. and Gökmen Yılmaz, F. (2020). Effects of potassium and zinc fertilization on the yield and yield components of artichoke. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 180-190. (in Turkish)
36. Reboucas, T., Porto, J., Jesus, J. and Moraes, M. (2015). Effects of different nitrogen sources and levels on tomato fruit quality. Acta Horticulturae, (1106): 79-84.
37. Richard, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement Saline and Alkaline Soils. USDA Handbook No. 60, Washington, DC, U.S.A.
38. Sainju, U. M., Dris, R. and Singh, B. (2003). Mineral nutrition of tomato. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 1(2): 176-183.
39. Soltanpour, P., Workman, S. and Schwab, A. (1979). Use of inductively-coupled plasma spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of macro-and micronutrients in NH4HCO3-DTPA extracts of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 43(1): 75-78.
40. Souri, M. K. and Dehnavard, S. (2017). Tomato plant growth, leaf nutrient concentrations and fruit quality under nitrogen foliar applications. Advances in Horticultural Science, 32(1): 41-47.
41. Şahin, S., Ünlükara, A., Geboloğlu, N., Durukan, A. and Karaman, M. R. (2016). Interaction between Nitrogen Doses, irrigation intervals and yield, quality and nutrient elements of leaves in tomato. Reserach Journal of Agricultural Sciences, (2): 45-50. (in Turkish)
42. Şahin, Ü., Özdeniz, A., Zülkadir, A. and Alan, R. (1998). The effects of different growing media on yield, quality and growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown and irrigated by drip irrigation method under the greenhoues conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 22(1998): 71-79. (in Turkish)
43. Woldemariam, S. H., Lal, S., Zelelew, D. Z. and Solomon, M. T. (2018). Effect of potassium levels on productivity and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Journal of Agricultural Studies, 6(1): 104-117.
44. Yağmur, B., Okur, B. and Ongun, A. (2004). Effects on enhanced potassium doses on yield, quality and nutrient uptake of tomato. IPI Regional Workshop on Potassium and Fertigation Development in West Asia and North Africa, 24-28 November, 2004, Rabat, Morocco.
45. Zengin, M. and Özbahçe, A. (2011). Climate and Soil Requirements of Plants. Atlas Academy Publications. No: 4, ISBN 978-605-61260-3-1, Konya, Türkiye.. (in Turkish)
46. Zengin, M., Gökmen, F., Yazıcı, M. A. and Gezgin, S. (2009). Effects of potassium, magnesium and sulphur containing fertilizers on yield and quality of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, (33): 495-502.