Effects of Different Temperature and Dormancy Breaking Treatments on Germination of Lotus corniculatus Seeds

Öz

This research was carried out in the laboratory according to the factorial experimental design in completely randomized with 4 replications in order to determine the germination temperatures and appropriate dormancy breaking methods of birdsfoot trefoil seeds collected in 3 (three) locations in Suveren (A), Melekli (B) and Aşağı Çamurlu (C) regions of Iğdır province. The germination rates of normal, abnormal and dormant seeds were determined in birdsfoot trefoil seeds at 5 different constant (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and 4 variable (15/25, 15/30, 20/30 and 20/35 °C) temperatures. The highest normal germination rates were determined at (20/30 °C). Even at the highest normal germination temperature, it was determined that there was a dormancy rate of 85.0% in the birds of birdsfoot trefoil collected in natural areas. There was no significant difference between the abnormal germination of birdsfoot trefoil seeds at different locations. In addition, there was no significant difference between the abnormal germination at different temperatures. Dormant seed rates were higher at locations B and C. The highest dormant seed rate was seen in birdsfoot trefoil seeds germinated at the lowest temperature (15 °C). In order to break the dormancy, gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, salicylic acid, soaking in warm water, mechanical scarification and soaking in hot water were applied to the birdsfoot trefoil seeds. Compared to the control treatment, sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate increased normal germination rates, gibberellic acid and mechanical scarification did not affect on normal germination rates, and hydrochloric acid and salicylic acid decreased germination rates. According to the research results, it was determined that dormancy was high in seeds collected in natural environments and that the seeds needed to be kept in 95-98% sulfuric acid for 12 minutes to break the dormancy. Soaking Lotus corniculatus seeds in sulfuric acid for 12 minutes increased the normal germination rate to 79%. Sulfuric acid application also caused an increase in the abnormal germination rate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Birdsfoot trefoil
• Germination
• Gibberallic acid
• Mechanical scarification
• Sulfuric acid

Lotus corniculatus Tohumlarının Çimlenmesi Üzerine Farklı Sıcaklık ve Dormansi Kırma Uygulamalarının Etkileri

Öz

Bu araştırma Iğdır ilinin Suveren (A), Melekli (B) ve Aşağı Çamurlu (C) bölgelerinde olmak üzere 3 (üç) lokasyonda toplanan sarıçiçekli gazal boynuzu tohumlarının çimlenme sıcaklıkları ve uygun dormansi kırma yöntemlerini belirlenmesi amacıyla tesadüf parsellerinde faktöriyel deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak laboratuvarda yürütülmüştür. Gazal boynuzu tohumları 5 farklı sabit (15, 20, 25, 30 ve 35 °C) ve 4 değişken (15/25, 15/30, 20/30 ve 20/35 °C) sıcaklık derecesinde normal, anormal çimlenme ile dormant tohum oranları belirlenmiştir. En yüksek normal çimlenme oranları (20/30 °C) sıcaklık derecesinde tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek normal çimlenmenin olduğu sıcaklık dercesinde bile doğal alanlarda toplanan gazal boynuzu tohumlarında %85.0 oranında dormansi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Farklı lokasyonlardaki gazal boynuzu tohumlarının anaormal çimlenmeleri arasında önemli bir fark görülmemiştir. Aynı zamanda farklı sıcaklık derecelerindeki anormal çimlenmeler arasında önemli farklar olmamıştır. Dormant tohum oranları B ve C lokasyonlarında daha yüksek olmuştur. En yüksek dormant tohum oranı en düşük sıcaklık derecesinde (15 °C) çimlendirmeye alınan gazal boynuzu tohumlarında görülmüştür. Dormansinin kırılması amacıyla gazal boynuzu tohumlarına giberallik asit, potasyum nitrat, sülfürik asit, hidroklorik asit, salisilik asit, ılık suda bekletme, mekanik aşındırma ve sıcak suda bekletme uygulamaları yapılmıştır. Kontrol uygulamasına göre sülfürik asit ve potasyum nitrat normal çimlenme oranlarını artırırken, giberallik asit, mekanik aşındırma normal çimlenme oranı üzerine etkisi olmamış, hidroklorik asit ve salisilik asit ise çimlenme oranlarını düşürmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre doğal ortamdan toplanan tohumlarda dormansinin yüksek olduğu, dormansinin kırılması için tohumların %95-98’lik sülfürik asitte 12 dakika bekletilmesi gerektiği belirlenmiştir. Lotus corniculatus tohumlarının 12 dakika süreyle sülfürik asitte bekletilmesi normal çimlenme oranını %79’a kadar ulaştırmıştır. Sülfürik asit uygulaması aynı zamanda anormal çimlenme oranında da artışa neden olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gazal boynuzu
• Çimlenme
• Giberallik asit
• Mekanik aşındırma
• Sülfürik asit

Kaynakça

1. AOSA (Association of Official Seed Analysts). (1993). Rules for testing seeds. Journal of Seed Technology, 16(3): 1-113.
2. Artola, A., Carrillo-Castaneda, G. and de los Santos, G. G. (2003). Hydropriming: a strategy to increase Lotus corniculatus L. Seed vigor. Seed Science and Technology, 31(2): 455-463. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2003.31.2.22
3. Baroux, C. and Grossniklaus, U. (2019). Seeds-An evolutionary innovation underlying reproductive success in flowering plants. Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 131: 605-642. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs. ctdb.2018.11.017
4. Beyaz, R. (2023). Germination and seedling properties of Lotus corniculatus L. under simulated drought stress. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(4): 879-889. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1226444
5. Blumenthal, M. J., Aston, S. C. and Pearson, C. J. (1996). Effect of temperature and moisture potential on germination and emergence in Lotus sp. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 47(7): 1119-1130. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9961119
6. Blumenthal, M. and McGraw, R. (1999) Lotus Adaptation, Use and Management. In: Trefoil: The Science and Technology of Lotus. Ed(s): Beuselinck, P. American Society of Agronomy, pp. 97-120. https://doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub28.c6
7. Brown, C. S. (1955). Hard seed in birdsfoot trefoil. (Ph.D. Thesis). Cornell University, Michigan, U.S.A. Burton, G. W. (1939). Scarification studies on southern grass seeds. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy, 31(3): 179-187.
8. Charlton, J. F. L. (1989). Temperature effects on germination of' Grasslands Maku Lotus and other experimental Lotus selections. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 50: 197-201. https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.1989.50.1883

9. Clua, A. A. and Gimenez, D. O. (2003). Environmental factors during seed development of narrow‐leaved bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus tenuis) influences subsequent dormancy and germination. Grass and Forage Science, 58(4): 333-338. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00385.x
10. Cristaudo, A., Gresta, F., Avola, G. and Miano, V. (2008). Germination capability of immature seeds of Lotus ornithopodioides L. and Scorpiurus subvillosus L. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, (79): 289-292.
11. Fakhire, S. and Shahriari, A. (2018). Analysis of seed germination characteristics of Cynodon dactylon affected by treatments of salicylic acid, gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 31(1): 166-174. https://dor.isc.ac/dor/20.1001.1.23832592.1397.31.1.17.3
12. Ferat, U., Sulak, M. and Serdal, U. (2008). The ımportant of birdsfoot trefoil species for Turkey. Türk Bilimsel Derlemeler Dergisi, 1(2): 45-54.
13. Gresta, F., Avola, G., Onofri, A., Anastasi, U. and Cristaudo, A. (2011). When does hard coat impose dormancy in legume seeds? Lotus and Scorpiurus case study. Crop Science, 51 (4): 1739-1747. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2010.12.0700
14. Gür, M. and Şen, C. (2016). Some properties of the vegetation on grazing, protected and abandoned natural rangelands. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(1): 61-69.
15. Gürel, G., Keskin, B. and Temel, S. (2022). The effects of some dormancy breaking treatments and temperature on seed vigor of gum tragacanth (Astragalus gummifer Labill.). Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(2): 266-279. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1026792
16. Hill, M. J. and Luck, R. (1991). The effect of temperature on germination and seedling growth of temperate perennial pasture legumes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 42(1): 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9910175
17. Hur, S. N. and Nelson, C. J. (1985). Temperature effects on germination of birdsfoot trefoil and seombadi. Agronomy Journal, 77(4): 557-560. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1985.00021962007700040013x
18. Jones, T. A., Bushman, B. S., Crockett, R. T. and Forsyth, K. C. (2022). Scarification and pre-chilling requirements for germination of the native forb Utah trefoil (Lotus utahensis Ottley). Native Plants Journal, 23(2): 148-155. https://doi.org/10.3368/npj.23.2.148
19. Keskin, B., Temel, S., Gürel, G. and Özden, E. (2023). Effects of some temperature and dormancy-breaking applications on germination rates of camelthorn (Alhagi pseudalhagi (Bieb.) Desv.) Seeds. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 54(1): 22-30. https://doi.org/10.5152/AUAF.2023.220307
20. Li, Q. and Hill, M. J. (1989). Seed development and dormancy characteristics in Lotus corniculatus L. New Zealand journal of agricultural Research, 32(3): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1989.10421749
21. Lopes, R. R. and Franke, L. B. (2011). Thermal-biological aspects on seed germination of hairy bird's-foot trefoil under different temperatures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 40(10): 2091-2096. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982011001000004
22. Mujica, M. M. and Rumi, C. P. (1993). Effect of three different constant temperature treatments on germination of Lotus tenuis (Waldst. et Kit). Lotus Newsletter, 24: 35-37.
23. Özpınar, H., Avcı, M., Acar, A. A., Aksu, S., İnal, F. N., Ay, E., İnal, İ., Gündel, F. D., Aktaş, A. and Hatipoğlu, R. (2019). Determination of yields of bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) genotypes under Mediterranean climatic conditions. ANADOLU Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, 29(1): 15-24. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.568782
24. Prado, F. E., Boero, C., Gallardo, M. and Gonzalez, J. A. (2000). Effect of NaCl on germination, growth, and soluble sugar content in Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Seeds. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 41: 27-24.
25. Ren, J., Song, L., Dai, W. and Ou, Y. (2017). Effects of different treatment methods on germination rate of hard seeds of wild Lotus corniculatus L. Agricultural Science and Technology, 18(5): 785-788.
26. Quintero C. M. F., Guillen C. O., Delgado S. P., Marín-Sánchez J., Guzmán A. I., Sánchez A. and Guzmán J. M. (2018). Relieving dormancy and improving germination of Piquín chili pepper (Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) by priming techniques. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 4(1): 1550275. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2018.1550275
27. Smýkal, P., Vernoud, V., Blair, M. W., Soukup, A. and Thompson, R. D. (2014). The role of the testa during development and in establishment of dormancy of the legume seed. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5(article: 351): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00351
28. Szalai, Z. and Ferschl, B. (2016). The effect of seed treatments on the germination of different fabaceae species of a natural meadow-like association. Analecta Technica Szegedinensia, 10 (1): 58-63. https://doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2016.1.58-63
29. Temel, S., Keskin, B. and Çakmakçı, S. (2023). Effect of different dormancy-breaking methods on seed germination and vigour of Atraphaxis spinosa. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 110 (1): 39-46. https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2023.110.006
30. Woods, L. E. and MacDonald, H. A. (1971). The effects of temperature and osmotic moisture stress on the germination of Lotus corniculatus. Journal of Experimental Botany, 22 (3): 575-585. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/22.3.575