Impact of Different Plant Development Regulators on Yield Components and Growth in Peanut

Öz

Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are organic compounds, produced within the plant or applied exogenously, that regulate physiological processes. These substances are active at low concentrations, can be translocated to other organs, and may exert either promotive or inhibitory effects on growth. This study aimed to determine the effects of PGRs, applied at different doses and developmental stages, on selected agronomic traits of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The research was conducted in Osmaniye province, situated in the Eastern Mediterranean Transition Zone, during the 2019 and 2020 main crop seasons. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental treatments consisted of the following: GA3BB10, GA3BB20, GA3FB10, GA3FB20, SWBB40, SWFB60, SWBBFB100, MCBB150, MCBB200, MCFB150, MCFB200, and a Control. A range of agronomic and quality parameters was assessed, including leaf length and width, the number of leaves and branches per plant, plant height, the number of pods per plant, pod weight per plant, 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, shelling percentage, protein content, and pod yield. The findings of the study revealed that the application of treatments exerted a statistically significant influence on all measured traits, with the exception of the number of branches per plant. The GA3FB20 treatment yielded the highest values for shelling percentage (76.27%) and pod yield (669.76 kg da⁻¹), whereas the MCBB200 treatment resulted in the superior protein content (26.90%). Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the first three principal components (PCs) accounted for 80.369% of the total observed variance. In the biplot generated from PC1 and PC2, the GA3FB20, GA3FB10, and GA3BB20 treatments were identified in closer proximity to the vector for pod yield, suggesting a stronger association with this key parameter. In conclusion, it was determined that plant growth regulators had positive effects on the yield and yield components of the peanut plant, and in terms of pod yield, the application of GA3 at 20 ppm, particularly during the full blooming period, was appropriate.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gibberellic acid
• Seaweed
• Mepiquat-chloride
• Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
• Pod yield

Yerfıstığında Farklı Bitki Gelişim Düzenleyicilerinin Verim Bileşenleri ve Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bitki büyüme düzenleyiciler, bitkiler tarafından oluşturulan veya bitkilere dışarıdan verilen, çok düşük dozlarda dahi bitkideki fizyolojik olayları olumlu ya da olumsuz etkileyen, diğer bitki kısımlarına taşınabilen ve bu etkinliğini diğer organlarda da devam ettirebilen organik maddelerdir. Bitki gelişimini teşvik ettikleri gibi engelleyici rolleri de bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, farklı gelişim dönemlerinde farklı dozlarda uygulanan bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerin yerfıstığı bitkisinin (Arachis hypogaea L.) bazı agronomik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 2019 ve 2020 yıllarında ana ürün koşullarında, Doğu Akdeniz Geçit Kuşağı bölgesinde bulunan Osmaniye ilinde yürütülmüştür. Deneme, tesadüf bloklar deneme desenine (RCBD) göre üç yinelemeli olacak şekilde dizayn edilmiştir. Denemede: GA3BB10, GA3BB20, GA3FB10, GA3FB20, SWBB40, SWFB60, SWBBFB100, MCBB150, MCBB200, MCFB150, MCFB200 ve Kontrol olmak üzere toplamda on iki farklı uygulama yapılmıştır. Yürütülen çalışmada yaprak boyu, yaprak eni, bitki başına yaprak sayısı, bitki boyu, bitki başına dal sayısı, bitki başına meyve sayısı, bitki başına meyve ağırlığı, 100 meyve ve tohum ağırlığı, kabuk iç oranı, protein içeriği ve meyve verimi gibi parametreler incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, uygulamaların bitki başına dal sayısı hariç incelenen özellikler üzerinde istatistiki olarak önemli etkisi bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek kabuk iç oranı (%76.27) ve meyve verimi (669.76 kg da-1) GA3FB20 uygulamasından elde edilirken, protein oranı açısından MCBB200 uygulaması %26.90 değeriyle ön plana çıkmıştır. Yapılan temel bileşen analizi (PCA) sonucuna göre, ilk üç temel bileşenin (PC) toplam varyansı %80.369 oranında açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. PC1 ve PC2 baz alınarak oluşturulan grafikte, GA3FB20, GA3FB10 ve GA3BB20 uygulamalarının meyve verimine daha yakın konumda bulunduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerin yerfıstığı bitkisinin verim ve verim unsurları üzerine olumlu etkileri olduğu, meyve verimi açısından GA3 uygulamasının özellikle tam çiçeklenme döneminde 20 ppm olarak verilmesinin uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gibberellik asit
• Deniz yosunu
• Mepiquat klorür
• Yerfıstığı (Arachis hypogaea L.)
• Meyve verimi

Kaynakça

1. Abd, E. D., Ramadan, A. A., Mostafa, H. A. M., Wanas, A. L. and Gad, M. S. (2005). Interaction effects of ba andior pix on soybean plants: 2. changes in yield characteristics and quality. Journal of Plant Production, 30(10): 5959-5972.
2. Arioglu, H., Cemal, K., Bakal, H., Bihter, O., Gulluoglu, L. and Sinan, N. S. (2013). The effects of pix applied at different growing stages on some agronomical characteristics of peanut. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 18(2): 260-267.
3. Asik, F. F., Yildiz, R. and Arioglu H. H. (2018). The determination of new peanut varieties for Osmaniye region and their important agronomic and quality characteristics. Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 21(6): 825-836.
4. Awal, M. A. and Aktar, L. (2015). Effect of row spacing on the growth and yield of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) stands. International Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 3(1): 7-11.
5. Ballesteros, G. I., Newsham, K. K., Acuña‐Rodríguez, I. S., Atala, C., Torres‐Díaz, C. and MolinaMontenegro, M. A. (2024). Extreme environments as sources of fungal endophytes mitigating climate change impacts on crops in Mediterranean‐type ecosystems. Plants, People, Planet, 6(1): 148-161.
6. Banon, D., Ortuño, M. F., Sánchez-Blanco, M. J., Pagán, B. L. and Banon, S. (2023). Effects of paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride on the physiological, nutritional, and morphological behavior of potted icterina sage under greenhouse conditions. Agronomy, 13(8): 2161.
7. Baran, N., and Andırman, M. (2022). Determination of yield and yield characteristics of some peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties under Batman conditions. ISPEC Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 6(1): 58-63.
8. Behradfar, A., Amirnia, R., Zardashti, M. R. and Eslam, B. P. (2015). Effect of cycocel, kinetin and seaweed extract on yield and its components of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different irrigation regimes. Silvae Genetica, 57(1): 1-9.

9. Chaudhari, M. S., Kataria, G. K., Chandrakant Singh, B. J., Akbari, L. F. and Kaluskar, S. A. (2023). Response of different plant growth regulators on dry matter accumulation and morpho-physiological parameters of bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. TG-37A. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(9): 780-784.
10. Chen, W., Li, J., Yuan, H., You, L., Wei, Q., Feng, R. and Zhao, X. (2023). Plant growth regulators improve nitrogen metabolism, yield, and quality of soybean–rhizobia symbiosis. Annals of Microbiology, 73(1): 1-9.
11. Dapaah, H. K., Mohammed, I. and Awuah, R. T. (2014). Growth and Yield Performance of Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Response to Plant Density. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 3(9): 1069-1082.
12. Elansary, H. O., Yessoufou, K., Shokralla, S., Mahmoud, E. A. and Skalicka-Woźniak, K. (2016). Enhancing mint and basil oil composition and antibacterial activity using seaweed extracts. Industrial Crops and Products, 92(1): 50-56.
13. El-Kamar, F. A., Mohamed, M. S. and Hussien, R. A. (2019). Enhancing water use efficiency in sandy soil using some organic and mineral additives under deficit irrigation during vegetative growth of peanut. Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, 10(11): 699-704.
14. Erdemli, H. and Kaya, M. D. (2015). The effects of gibberellic acid doses on yield and germination under abiotic stress conditions in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Biotech Studies, 24(1): 38-46.
15. Faldu, T. A., Kataria, G. K., Singh, C. K. and Paghadal, C. B. (2018). Influence of plant growth regulators on morphological and physiological parameters of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. GJG-9. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(3): 2341-2344.
16. Ghasil, B. P., Meena, H., Manoj, R. K. Y., Choudhary, M., Ram, G., Yadav, S. L. and Meena, R. K. (2023). Correlation-regression studies on independent and dependent variables and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] as in luenced by phosphorus, sulphur fertilization, and plant growth regulator. Agriculture Association of Textile Chemical and Critical Reviews Journal, 11(3): 176-182.
17. Gulluoglu, L. (2011). Effects of growth regulator applications on pod yield and some agronomic characters of peanut in Mediterranean region. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(2): 210-214.
18. Gulten, H. T., Polat, M., Basak, M., Qureshi, M., Golukcu, M., Uzun, B. and Yol, E. (2023). Molecular breeding to develop advanced lines with high oleic acid and pod yield in peanut. Industrial Crops and Products, 203: 117231.
19. Habashy, N. R. and Bishara, M. M. (2013). Effect of applied bio-fertilizers, seaweed extract and elemental sulphur on the productivity of sunflower grown in newly reclaimed slightly saline soil. Egypt Journal of Soil Science, 53(1): 21-38.
20. Heydari, M., Moghadam, H. R. T., Ghooshchi, F., Modarres-Sanavy, S. A. M. and Kasraie, P. (2021). Foliar application of humic acid and some exo-and endophytic growth hormones on yield, yield components and fatty acid composition in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought stress. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27(4): 500-508.
21. Hossain, F., Islam, N., Ali, S., Kayes, A. and Choudhury, S. (2023). GA3 and growing medium influence papaya seed germination and seedling growth. Trends in Horticulture, 6(2): 3263.
22. Karthikeyan, K. and Shanmugam, M. (2015). Yield and oil content of peanut (var. TMV-7) and sunflower (var. Co-2) applied with bio-stimulant AQUASAP manufactured from seaweed. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(25): 2537-2543.
23. Killi, F. and Beycioglu, T .(2022). Genetic and environmental variability, heritability and genetic advance in pod yield, yield components, oil and protein content of peanut varieties. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 27(1): 71-77.
24. Kim, S. K., Lee, H. D. and Choi, H. J. (2011). Effects of mepiquat chloride and trinexapac-ethyl on oil composition, seed yield and endogenous gibberellins in flax. Korean Journal of Plant Resources, 24(6): 696-701.
25. Kocira, S., Szparaga, A., Kuboń, M., Czerwińska, E. and Piskier, T. (2019). Morphological and biochemical responses of Glycine max (L.) Merr. to the use of seaweed extract. Agronomy, 9(2): 93.
26. Khan, S., Alvi, A. F. and Khan, N. A. (2024). Role of Ethylene in the regulation of plant developmental processes. Stresses, 4(1): 28-53.
27. Khan, A. S. and Chaudhry, N. Y. (2006). GA3 improves flower yield in some cucurbits treated with lead and mercury. African Journal of Biotechnology, 5(2): 149-153.
28. Khrmashow, D. Z., Bouras, M. and Sahuni, F. (2022). Effect of spraying with ga3 on the quality and oil content of Syrian okra seeds Abelmoschus esculentus (L.). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 13(1): 83-90.
29. Leite, V. M., Rosolem, C. A. and Rodrigues, J. D. (2003). Gibberellin and cytokinin effects on soybean growth. Scientia Agricola, 60: 537-541.
30. Mannan, M. A., Yasmin, A., Sarker, U., Bari, N., Dola, D. B., Higuchi, H. and Alarifi, S. (2023). Biostimulant red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata var. liui) extracts spray improves yield and drought tolerance in soybean. PeerJ, 11: e15588.
31. Matysiak, K., Dubas, M., Kierzek, R. and Kaczmarek, S. (2014). Influence of seaweed extract (Ecklonia maxima L.) applied with tebuconazole on two cultivars of winter rape. Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering, 59(4): 43-49.
32. Onemli, F. (2005). The correlation analyses of some climate values with flowering and earliness index in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 2(3): 273-281.
33. Patil, M. B. (2019). Response of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) to the exogenous application of growth hormones (IAA and GA3). Journal of Bioscience and Agriculture Research, 22(1): 1829-1834.
34. Ribeiro, J. E. S., Coêlho, E. S., Oliveira, P. H. A., Lopes, W. A. R., Silva, E. F., Oliveira, A. K. S., Silveira, L. M., Silva, D. V., Barros Júnior, A. P. and Dias, T. J. (2022). Allometric models to estimate peanuts leaflets area by non-destructive method. Bragantia, 81: e4522. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.20220121
35. Rouphael, Y. and Colla, G. (2020). Biostimulants in agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11(40): 1-7.
36. Saini, C. and Jain, N. K. (2017). Influence of sulphur and plant growth regulators on yield, quality and nutrient uptake in summer peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Anaals of Agricultural Research New Series, 38(2): 170-175.
37. Sawana, Z. M., Hafez, S. A. and Alkassas, A. R. (2007). Nitrogen, potassium and plant growth retardant effects on oil content and quality of cotton seed. Grasas Y Aceites, 58(3): 243-251.
38. Srikala, K., Reddy, T. P., Reddy, K. and Mahadevappa, S. G. (2023). Effect of nitrogen levels and mepiquat chloride on yield and economics of HDPS cotton. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(11): 1960-1967.
39. Tung, S. A., Huang, Y., Hafeez, A., Ali, S., Song, X. and Yang, G. (2023). Reduced cotton growth and yield under foliar application of mepiquat chloride was not due to less nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition under an innovative cropping model in Yangtze River Valley of China. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 23: 5740-5758.
40. Tung, S. A., Huang, Y., Ali, S., Hafeez, A., Shah, A. N., Song, X., Ma, X., Luo, D. and Yang, G. (2018). Mepiquat chloride application does not favor leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism as well as lint yield in late-planted cotton at high plant density. Field Crops Research, 221: 108-118.
41. Osman, H. E. and Salem, O. (2011). Effect of seaweed extracts as foliar spray on sunflower yield and oil content. Egyptian Journal of Phycology, 12(1): 57-70.
42. Yagum, T., Longkumer, L. T., Kikon, N., Amlari, I. and Tzudir, L. (2023). Effect of PGRs on yield, quality parameters and economics of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivation under rainfed conditions of Nagaland. Biological Forum - An International Journal, 15(7): 38-44.
43. Yenikalaycı, A. and Arslan, M. (2023). Effect of seed fungicide treatment, microelement fertilizer and mepiquat chloride applications on yield and yield components of peanut. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(2): 1347-1355.
44. Yilmaz, B. A., Aydın Ünsal, I. and Taşan, M. (2023). A comparison of acrylamide contents of some nuts produced organically and conventionally. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 20(1): 166-174. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1128261