Salicylic Acid Seed Priming Enhances Lentil Germination and Seedling Vigor under Salinity Stress

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 495 - 507, 16.03.2026

Fatma Başdemir , Gizem Kamçı , Behiye Bicer

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1632677

https://izlik.org/JA48TR33HF

Öz

Salicylic acid (SA), a plant-derived phenolic compound, acts as a signaling molecule that regulates controlling diverse plant responses and plays a role in plant defense under stress conditions. This study aimed to assess the potential of SA seed priming in mitigating the negative effects of salt stress on lentil germination and early seedling development. The germination and vigor of seeds primed with five different doses of SA (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mM) were tested at five salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) in peat-perlite. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement under greenhouse conditions. Results indicated that low concentrations of SA (0.25 mM) had positive effects on days to seedling emergence, emergence energy (EE), emergence percentage (EP), emergence rate index (ERI), mean emergence time (MET), peak value (PV) and seedling vigor index suggesting that SA can enhance germination and seedling emergence under high salinity. However, as SA concentration increased, a decrease in emergence rate was observed, indicating that higher SA levels may have inhibitory effects on seed performance after sowing. The results also show that SA pre-treatment can significantly improve shoot length, root length, fresh shoot weight, and fresh root weight of lentil seedlings exposed to NaCl stress. Adverse effects of increasing NaCl concentrations were noted for all measured traits, with shoot length, root length, fresh shoot weight, and fresh root weight decreasing, and, no growth observed at the highest NaCl concentration (200 mM). In conclusion, SA can be effectively used in seed priming to mitigate salinity stress during early lentil growth, but the effectiveness of this treatment depends on the salinity level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Abiotic stress , Emergence , Growth , Hormone , Lens culinaris L.

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Teşekkür

This work was not supported financially by any organization.

Tuz Stresi Altında Salisilik Asit Tohum Ön Uygulaması ile Mercimekte Çimlenme ve Fide Canlılığının Arttırılması

https://izlik.org/JA48TR33HF

Öz

Bitkisel kaynaklı bir fenolik bileşik olan salisilik asit (SA), çeşitli bitki tepkilerini kontrol eden bir sinyal molekülü olup stres şartlarında bitki savunmasında rol almaktadır. Bu çalışma, tuz stresinin mercimek çimlenmesi ve erken fide gelişimi üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltmada salisilik asit ile gerçekleştirilen tohum ön işlem uygulamasının etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Beş farklı salisilik asit dozu (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 ve 1 mM) ile ön işlem uygulanan tohumların çimlenme ve canlılığı 5 farklı tuz seviyesinde (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM) torf-perlit ortamında test edilmiştir. Deneme faktöriyel düzende tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde sera koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Sonuçlar, düşük konsantrasyonlardaki salisilik asidin (0.25 mM), fide çıkış zamanı, çıkış enerjisi (EE), çıkış yüzdesi (EP), çıkış oran indeksi (ERI), ortalama çıkış süresi (MET), pik değer (PV) ve fide canlılık indeksi gibi parametreler üzerinde olumlu etkilerini ve SA’in yüksek tuzlu koşullar altında çimlenmeyi ve fide çıkışını artırabileceğini göstermiştir. Ancak, SA konsantrasyonu arttıkça, çıkış oranında azalma tespit edilmiş olup, yüksek SA seviyesinin ekimden sonra tohum performansı üzerinde engelleyici etkilere sahip olabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Sonuçlar, SA ile ön işlem uygulamasının NaCl stresine maruz kalan mercimek fidelerinin sürgün uzunluğunu, kök uzunluğunu, taze sürgün ağırlığını ve taze kök ağırlığını önemli ölçüde iyileştirebileceğini göstermektedir. Artan NaCl konsantrasyonlarında sürgün uzunluğu, kök uzunluğu, taze sürgün ağırlığı ve taze kök ağırlığı dahil olmak üzere gözlenen tüm özellikler için olumsuz etkiler tespit edilmiş ve en yüksek tuz konsantrasyonu 200 mM seviyesinde büyüme gözlemlenmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, salisilik asit ile ön işlem uygulamasının tuzluluk düzeyine bağlı olarak etkinliğinin değişiklik göstermesine rağmen mercimeğin erken büyüme aşamalarında tuzluluk stresini azaltmada etkili bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Abiyotik stres , Çıkış , Büyüme , Hormon , Lens culinaris L.

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Teşekkür

This work was not supported financially by any organization.

Kaynakça

• Abbott, W. S. (1925). A Method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology, 18: 265-267.
• Abdul-Baki, A. A. and Anderson, J. D. (1973). Relationship between decarboxylation of glutamic acid and vigor in soybean seed. Crop science, 13(2): 227-232. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1973.0011183X001300020023x
• Afzal, I., Basra, S. M., Farooq, M. and Nawazi, A. (2006). Alleviation of salinity stress in spring wheat by hormonal priming with ABA, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 8(1): 23-28.
• Al-Fraihat, A. H., Zatimeh, A. A. and Al-Dalain, S. Y. (2023). The efficiency of salicylic acid and poultry manure on growth and volatile oil production of Coriandrum sativum L. plants. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 84: e276886. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.276886
• Alsaeedi, A. H., El-Ramady, H., Alshaal, T., El-Garawani, M., Elhawat, N. and Almohsen, M. (2017). Engineered silica nanoparticles alleviate the detrimental effects of Na+ stress on germination and growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24: 21917-21928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9847-y
• Altuner, F., Oral, E. and Baran, İ. (2022). Determination of the effects of salt (NaCl) stress on germination in some Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(1): 39-50. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.868594
• Anaya, F., Fghire, R., Wahbi, S. and Loutfi, K. (2018). Influence of salicylic acid on seed germination of Vicia faba L. under salt stress. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.10.002
• AOSA (1983). Seed Vigor Testing Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the handbook on Seed Testing. Apon, T. A., Ahmed, S. F., Bony, Z. F., Chowdhury, M. R., Asha, J. F. and Biswas, A. (2023). Sett priming with salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) during early stages of crop development. Heliyon, 9(5): e16030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16030
• Ashraf, M. and Waheed, A. (1993). Responses of some local/exotic accessions of lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) to salt stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 170(2): 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1993.tb01063.x
• Badil, F. C., Barary, M., Shomeili, M. and Tahmasebi, Z. (2016). Alleviation of salinity effects by exogenous applications of salicylic acid in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) seedlings. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 14(3): 449-459.
• Beckers, G. J. and Conrath, U. (2007). Priming for stress resistance: from the lab to the field. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10(4): 425-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2007.06.002
• Boukari, N., Jelali, N., Renaud, J. B., Youssef, R. B., Abdelly, C. and Hannoufa, A. (2019). Salicylic acid seed priming improves tolerance to salinity, iron deficiency and their combined effect in two ecotypes of Alfalfa. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 167: 103820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103820
• Çakır, C. and Ceyhan, E. (2021). Determination of salinity tolerances during germination period of some Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Cultivars. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 35(2): 173-177. https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2021.245
• Coyne, C. and McGee, R. (2013). Lentil. In: Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement, Ed(s): Singh, M., Upadhyaya, H. D. and Bisht I. S., Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-397935-3.00007-4
• Czabator, F. J. (1962). Germination value: an index combining speed and completeness of Pine seed germination. Forest Science, 8(4): 386-396.
• Demirbaş, S. and Balkan, A. (2018). Responses of some Triticale varieties to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) priming under salt stress conditions. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 15(2): 5-13.
• Dolatabadian, A., Modarres Sanavy, S. A. M. and Sharifi, M. (2009). Effect of salicylic acid and salt on wheat seed germination. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B–Soil and Plant Science, 59(5): 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710802342350
• Ellis, R. A. and Roberts, E. H. (1981). The quantification of ageing and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Science and Technology (Netherlands), 9(2): 373–409.
• Erbach, D. C. (1982). Tillage for continuous corn and corn-soybean rotation. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 25(4): 0906-0911. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.33638
• FAO (2023). Food and Agriculture Organization. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (Accessed Date: 23.12.2025).
• Farooq, M., Romdhane, L., Al Sulti, M. K., Rehman, A., Al‐Busaidi, W. M. and Lee, D. J. (2020). Morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of osmopriming‐induced drought tolerance in lentil. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 206(2): 176-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12384
• Finney, D. J. and Stevens, W. L. (1948). A table for the calculation of working probits and weights in probit analysis. Biometrika, 35(1/2): 191-201. https://doi.org/10.2307/2332639
• Foolad, M. R. (2004). Recent advances in genetics of salt tolerance in tomato. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 76: 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TICU.0000007308.47608.88
• Foti, C., Khah, E. M. and Pavli, O. I. (2019). Germination profiling of lentil genotypes subjected to salinity stress. Plant Biology, 21(3): 480-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12714
• Hossain, M. S., Alam, M. U., Rahman, A., Hasanuzzaman, M., Nahar, K., Al Mahmud, J. and Fujita, M. (2017). Use of iso-osmotic solution to understand salt stress responses in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). South African Journal of Botany, 113: 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.09.007
• Kamçı, G., Bicer, B.T. and Başdemir, F. (2024) Effects of salicylic acid seed priming on germination of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) exposed to salt stress. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 7(3): 280-286. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1457657
• Kayıs, S. U. and Ceyhan, E. (2015). Salinity tolerance during germination and seedling growth of some lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) cultivars. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 29(1): 15-24.
• Kumawat, K. R., Gothwal, D. K. and Singh, D. (2017). Salinity tolerance of lentil genotypes based on stress tolerance indices. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4): 1368-1372. https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto
• Lee, S., Kim, S. G. and Park, C. M. (2010). Salicylic acid promotes seed germination under high salinity by modulating antioxidant activity in Arabidopsis. New Phytologist, 188(2): 626-637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03378.x
• Maguire, J. D. (1962). Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2(2): 176-177. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
• Manchanda, G. and Garg, N. (2008). Salinity and its effects on the functional biology of legumes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 30: 595-618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0173-3
• Misra, N. and Saxena, P. (2009). Effect of salicylic acid on proline metabolism in lentil grown under salinity stress. Plant Science, 177(3): 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.05.007
• Muehlbauer, F. J. and McPhee, K. E. (2005). Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Genetic Resources and Chromosome Engineering and Crop Improvement. In: Grain legumes, Ed(s): Singh, R. J. and Jauhar, P. P., CRC Press.
• Mushtaq, A., Jamil, N., Riaz, M., Hornyak, G. L., Ahmed, N., Ahmed, S. S., Shahwani, M. N. and Malghani, M. N. K. (2017). Synthesis of silica nanoparticles and their effect on priming of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. Biological Forum, 9(1): 150-157.
• Nimir, N. E. A., Lu, S., Zhou, G., Guo, W., Ma, B. and Wang, Y. (2015). Comparative effects of gibberellic acid, kinetin and salicylic acid on emergence, seedling growth and the antioxidant defence system of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under salinity and temperature stresses. Crop and Pasture Science, 66(2): 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP14141
• Nun, N. B., Plakhine, D., Joel, D. M. and Mayer, A. M. (2003). Changes in the activity of the alternative oxidase in Orobanche seeds during conditioning and their possible physiological function. Phytochemistry, 64(1): 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00165-1
• Özkorkmaz, F. and Öner, F. (2022). Determination of the effects of salicylic acid treatments on germination and seed properties of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under salt stress. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 12(2), 119-134. (In Turkish) https://doi.org/10.54370/ordubtd.1143106
• Pandey, A. K. and Sengar, R. S. (2020). Effect of salt stress on salt tolerant indices of morpho-physiological traits and yield attributes of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8: 2292-2301. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i1ai.8610
• Sarkar, M. M., Rudra, P., Paul, P., Dua, T. K. and Roy, S. (2024). Enhanced adaptation to salinity stress in lentil seedlings through the use of trehalose-functionalized silica nanoparticles (TSiNPs): Exploring silica-sugar absorption and oxidative balance. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 206: 108309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108309
• Singh, D., Singh, C. K., Kumari, S., Singh Tomar, R. S., Karwa, S., Singh, R., Singh, R. B., Sarka, S. K. and Pal, M. (2017). Discerning morpho-anatomical, physiological and molecular multiformity in cultivated and wild genotypes of lentil with reconciliation to salinity stress. PLoS One, 12(5): e0177465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177465
• Soren, K. R., Madugula, P., Kumar, N., Barmukh, R., Sengar, M. S., Bharadwaj, C., Sharma, P. C., Singh, S., Bhandari, A., Singh, J. and Varshney, R. K. (2020). Genetic dissection and identification of candidate genes for salinity tolerance using Axiom®CicerSNP array in chickpea. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14): 5058. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145058
• Tabti, D., Laouar, M., Rajendran, K., Kumar, S. and Abdelguerfi, A. (2018). Identification of desirable mutants in quantitative traits of lentil at early (M2) generation. Journal of Environmental Biology, 39(2): 137-142. http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/39/2/MRN-476
• Tang, J. and Sokhansanj, S. (1993). Drying parameter effects on Lentil seed viability. Transactions of the ASAE, 36(3): 855–861. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.28409
• Vadez, V., Rashmi, M., Sindhu, K., Muralidharan, M., Pushpavalli, R., Turner, N. C., Krishnamurthy, L., Gaur, P. M. and Colmer, T. D. (2012). Large number of flowers and tertiary branches, and higher reproductive success increase yields under salt stress in chickpea. European Journal of Agronomy, 41: 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.03.008
• Vlot, A. C., Dempsey, D. M. A. and Klessig, D. F. (2009). Salicylic acid, a multifaceted hormone to combat disease. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 47(1): 177-206. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.050908.135202
• Wani, A. B., Chadar, H., Wani, A. H., Singh, S. and Upadhyay, N. (2017). Salicylic acid to decrease plant stress. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 15(1): 101-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0584-0
• Yadav, T., Kumar, A., Yadav, R. K., Yadav, G., Kumar, R. and Kushwaha, M. (2020). Salicylic acid and thiourea mitigate the salinity and drought stress on physiological traits governing yield in pearl millet-wheat. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 27(8): 2010-2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.06.030
• Yang, W., Zhou, Z. and Chu, Z. (2023). Emerging roles of salicylic acid in plant saline stress tolerance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(4): 3388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043388
• Yuan, S. and Lin, H. H. (2008). Minireview: role of salicylic acid in plant abiotic stress. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 63(5-6): 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-5-601