Unraveling Farmer Empowerment: The Role of Socioeconomic and Institutional Factors in Sustainable Agriculture

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 169 - 186, 07.01.2026

Albina Ginting , Edison Purba , Diana Chalil , Nevy Diana Hanafi

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1636215

https://izlik.org/JA28SB62WY

Öz

Empowering farmers is essential for achieving sustainable agriculture, particularly in rural regions who depend on this sector as their primary means of subsistence. Given the increasing challenges in the agricultural sector, such as the dynamic market conditions and limited access to modern technology, there is a pressing need to identify and implement strategic interventions that enhance farmer empowerment. This study seeks to elucidate the impact of diverse elements, such as farmer motivation, local resources, cultural context, infrastructure, subsidy programs, agricultural cooperatives, the role of facilitators, and coffee-livestock integration on the degree of farmer empowerment. The analysis involved 168 farmers as respondents and using the fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) approach to discover factor combinations that correlate with varying levels of empowerment by evaluates the interaction among the determinant factors and determines the unique configurations that drive either high or low levels of empowerment. The findings indicate that the integration of appropriate local resources, the presence of active agricultural cooperatives, and a well managed crop-livestock integration system positively influences farmer production and economic stability. Robust infrastructure and focused subsidy policies enhance farmer competitiveness in the agriculture industry. Nonetheless, the influence of facilitators is not universally predominant, as there are instances where farmers attain significant empowerment despite minimal facilitator engagement. This study emphasizes the significance of a multi-faceted strategy in formulating more successful tactics for farmer empowerment. These findings are anticipated to provide a reference for policymakers and stakeholders in formulating policies that better align with farmers' demands, therefore enhancing the resilience and sustainability of the agricultural industry over the long term.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Farmers’ empowerment , Sustainable agriculture , Socio-economic , Institutional factors , fsQCA

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Kaynakça

• Abidin, A. Z. and Prasetyani, D. (2021). Socio-economic Study on Empowering Women Farmers to Support the SDGs. The 8th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 24-25 August 2021, Surakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/905/1/012135
• Adam, L., Jin, J. and Khan, A. (2022). Does the Indonesian farmer empowerment policy enhance the professional farmer? Empirical evidence based on the difference-in-difference approach. Technology in Society, 68: 101924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101924
• Addai, K. N., Temoso, O. and Ng’ombe, J. N. (2022). Participation in farmer organizations and adoption of farming technologies among rice farmers in Ghana. International Journal of Social Economics, 49(4): 529–545. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-06-2021-0337
• Ahado, S., Hejkrlík, J., Enkhtur, A., Tseren, T. and Ratinger, T. (2021). Does cooperative membership impact the yield and efficiency of smallholder farmers? Evidence from potato farmers in Mongolia. China Agricultural Economic Review, 13(4): 736–755. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-01-2021-0013
• Ahmed Awad Talb Altalb and Tadeusz Filipek, P. S. (1998). The role of extension in the transfer and adoption of agricultural technology. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 3(5): 63–68.
• Alemu, D., Guinan, A. and Hermanson, J. (2021). Contract farming, cooperatives and challenges of side selling: malt barley value-chain development in Ethiopia. Development in Practice, 31(4): 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1860194
• Altieri, M. A., Nicholls, C. I. and Montalba, R. (2017). Technological Approaches to Sustainable Agriculture at a Crossroads: An Agroecological Perspective. Sustainability, 9(3): 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030349
• Aoyagi, K., Sawada, Y. and Shoji, M. (2022). Irrigation infrastructure and trust: Evidence from natural and lab-in-the-field experiments in rural communities. World Development, 156: 105906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105906
• Asadullah, M. N. and Kambhampati, U. (2021). Feminization of farming, food security and female empowerment. Global Food Security, 29: 100532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100532
• Atisa, G., Zemrani, A. and Weiss, M. (2021). Decentralized governments: local empowerment and sustainable development challenges in Africa. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(3): 3349–3367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00722-0
• Bahua, M. I., Arsyad, M. and Jamil, M. H. (2016). Farmers Community Empowerment through Institutional Strengthening of Rural Food Barn. International Journal of Agriculture System, 4(2): 161. https://doi.org/10.20956/ijas.v4i2.689
• Bai, J., Wang, Y. and Sun, W. (2022). Exploring the role of agricultural subsidy policies for sustainable agriculture Based on Chinese agricultural big data. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 53: 102473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102473
• Barth, H., Ulvenblad, P., Ulvenblad, P.-O. and Hoveskog, M. (2021). Unpacking sustainable business models in the Swedish agricultural sector– the challenges of technological, social and organisational innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 304: 127004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127004
• Beckford, C., Barker, D. and Bailey, S. (2007). Adaptation, innovation and domestic food production in Jamaica: Some examples of survival strategies of small-scale farmers. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 28(3): 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2007.00301.x
• Bernard, B. M., Song, Y., Hena, S., Ahmad, F. and Wang, X. (2022). Assessing Africa’s Agricultural TFP for Food Security and Effects on Human Development: Evidence from 35 Countries. Sustainability, 14(11): 6411. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116411
• Bhattacharyya, T., Wani, S. P. and Tiwary, P. (2021). Empowerment of Stakeholders for Scaling-Up: Digital Technologies for Agricultural Extension. In Scaling-up Solutions for Farmers: Technology, Partnerships and Convergence. Ed(s): Wani, S. P., Raju, K. V. and Bhattacharyya, T., Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77935-1_3
• Boix-Fayos, C. and de Vente, J. (2023). Challenges and potential pathways towards sustainable agriculture within the European Green Deal. Agricultural Systems, 207: 103634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103634
• Bonaudo, T., Bendahan, A. B., Sabatier, R., Ryschawy, J., Bellon, S., Leger, F., Magda, D. and Tichit, M. (2014). Agroecological principles for the redesign of integrated crop–livestock systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 57: 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.09.010
• Brown, C., Kovács, E., Herzon, I., Villamayor-Tomas, S., Albizua, A., Galanaki, A., Grammatikopoulou, I., McCracken, D., Olsson, J. A. and Zinngrebe, Y. (2021). Simplistic understandings of farmer motivations could undermine the environmental potential of the common agricultural policy. Land Use Policy, 101: 105136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105136
• Candemir, A., Duvaleix, S. and Latruffe, L. (2021). Agricultural Cooperatives and Farm Sustainability – a Literature Review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 35(4): 1118–1144. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12417
• Choruma, D. J., Dirwai, T. L., Mutenje, M. J., Mustafa, M., Chimonyo, V. G. P., Jacobs-Mata, I. and Mabhaudhi, T. (2024). Digitalisation in agriculture: A scoping review of technologies in practice, challenges, and opportunities for smallholder farmers in sub-saharan africa. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18: 101286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101286
• Clarkson, G., Dorward, P., Poskitt, S., Stern, R. D., Nyirongo, D., Fara, K., Gathenya, J. M., Staub, C. G., Trotman, A., Nsengiyumva, G., Torgbor, F. and Giraldo, D. (2022). Stimulating small-scale farmer innovation and adaptation with Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture (PICSA): Lessons from successful implementation in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and South Asia. Climate Services, 26: 100298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2022.100298
• Cooreman, H., Debruyne, L., Vandenabeele, J. and Marchand, F. (2021). Power to the facilitated agricultural dialogue: an analysis of on-farm demonstrations as transformative learning spaces. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 27(5): 699–719. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2021.1969958
• Costa, M. P., Schoeneboom, J. C., Oliveira, S. A., Viñas, R. S. and de Medeiros, G. A. (2018). A socio-eco-efficiency analysis of integrated and non-integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems in the Brazilian Cerrado based on LCA. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171: 1460–1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.063
• Davis, K., Gammerlgaard, J., Preissing, J. and Ngwenya, H. (2021). Investing in Farmers: Agriculture Human Capital Investment Strategies. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Food Policy Research Institute Rome, Italy. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7134en
• Deng, W., Hendrikse, G. and Liang, Q. (2021). Internal social capital and the life cycle of agricultural cooperatives. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 31(1): 301–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-020-00690-8
• Durant, J. L., Asprooth, L., Galt, R. E., Schmulevich, S. P., Manser, G. M. and Pinzón, N. (2023). Farm resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of California direct market farmers. Agricultural Systems, 204: 103532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103532
• El Bilali, H., Strassner, C. and Ben Hassen, T. (2021). Sustainable agri-food systems: Environment, economy, society, and policy. Sustainability, 13(11): 6260. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116260
• Esen, S., Okuyucu, B. and Koç, F., Özdüven, M.L. Deterrmination of Nutritional Quality and Aerobic Stability of Sorghum, Maize, and Sorghum-Maize Mixture Silages. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 19(1): 61-69. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.889657
• Fitri, R., Perkasa, A. Y., Widjaja, H., Seanders, O. and Fauzi, R. (2024). Analysis of urban farming sustainability in central Jakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Tekirdağ Agricultural Faculty, 21(1): 256-264. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1293626
• Friis-Hansen, E. and Duveskog, D. (2012). The empowerment route to well-being: An analysis of farmer field schools in East Africa. World Development, 40(2): 414–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.005
• Ginting, A., Purba, E., Chalil, D. and Diana, N. (2025). Contribution of coffee farming and goat livestock based integration in Karo regency, north Sumatra province. International Conference on Green Technology, Agricultural, and Socio-Economics 2024 (ICGTASE 2024) 23-24 October, Mataram City, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1441/1/012011
• Hagen, B. N. M., Sawatzky, A., Harper, S. L., O’Sullivan, T. L. and Jones-Bitton, A. (2022). “Farmers aren’t into the emotions and things, right?”: A qualitative exploration of motivations and barriers for mental health help-seeking among Canadian farmers. Journal of Agromedicine, 27(2): 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2021.1893884
• Hasdiansyah, A., Sugito. and Suryono, Y. (2021). Empowerment of farmers: The role of actor and the persistence of coffee farmers in rural pattongko, indonesia. Qualitative Report, 26(12): 3805–3822. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2021.4876
• Havemann, T., Negra, C. and Werneck, F. (2022). Blended Finance for Agriculture: Exploring The Constraints and Possibilities of Combining Financial Instruments for Sustainable Transition. In: Social Innovation and Sustainability Transition. Ed(s): Desa, G. and Jia, X., Springer Nature, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18560-1_23
• Hu, S., Yang, Y., Zheng, H., Mi, C., Ma, T. and Shi, R. (2022). A framework for assessing sustainable agriculture and rural development: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 97: 106861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106861
• Ibrahim, H. and Yanti, R. (2019). Empowerment of women farmers on sustainable food Security with dynamics system modelling (in Nagari Koto Tuo, Harau Sub-district, Limapuluh Kota Regency, West Sumatera). The 5th International Seminar on Sciences, 25 October, Bogor, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/299/1/012022
• Kamal, M. and Bangladesh, A. (2023). Mobile applications empowering smallholder farmers: An analysis of the impact on agricultural development. International Journal of Social Analytics, 8(6): 36–52. https://norislab.com/index.php/ijsa/article/view/24
• Kernecker, M., Seufert, V. and Chapman, M. (2021). Farmer-centered ecological intensification: Using innovation characteristics to identify barriers and opportunities for a transition of agroecosystems towards sustainability. Agricultural Systems, 191: 103142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103142
• Klerkx, L. and Proctor, A. (2013). Beyond fragmentation and disconnect: Networks for knowledge exchange in the English land management advisory system. Land Use Policy, 30(1): 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.02.003
• Konfo, T. R. C., Chabi, A. B. P., Amoussouga Gero, A., Lagnika, C., Avlessi, F., Biaou, G. and Sohounhloue, C. K. D. (2024). Recent climate-smart innovations in agrifood to enhance producer incomes through sustainable solutions. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 15: 100985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.100985
• Lakner, S., Schleyer, C., Schmidt, J. and Zinngrebe, Y. (2021). Agricultural Policy for Biodiversity: Facilitators and Barriers for Transformation. In: Transitioning to Sustainable Life on Land. Ed(s): Beckmann, V., MDPI, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03897-879-4-8
• Li, X. and Ito, J. (2021). An empirical study of land rental development in rural Gansu, China: The role of agricultural cooperatives and transaction costs. Land Use Policy, 109: 105621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105621
• Llones, C. A. and Suwanmaneepong, S. (2021). The role of engagement among farmers in developing farming knowledge: evidence from northern Thailand. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 892(1): 12043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012043
• Ma, W., Marini, M. A. and Rahut, D. B. (2023). Farmers’ organizations and sustainable development: An introduction. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 94(3): 683–700. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12449
• Mariyono, J. (2024). Sustainable intensification practices of fish-rice co-culture in Java, Indonesia: Technical, socio-economic and environmental features. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 14(5): 1015–1032. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-09-2022-0208
• Meijer, S. S., Catacutan, D., Ajayi, O. C., Sileshi, G. W. and Nieuwenhuis, M. (2015). The role of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions in the uptake of agricultural and agroforestry innovations among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 13(1): 40–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2014.912493
• Melchior, I. C. and Newig, J. (2021). Governing transitions towards sustainable agriculture—taking stock of an emerging field of research. Sustainability, 13(2): 528. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020528
• Mhlanga, D. (2021). Artificial intelligence in the industry 4.0, and its impact on poverty, innovation, infrastructure development, and the sustainable development goals: Lessons from emerging economies? Sustainability, 13(11): 5788. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115788
• Moussa, H., Kindomihou, V., Houehanou, T. D., Chaibou, M., Souleymane, O., Soumana, I., Dossou, J. and Sinsin, B. (2021). Farmers’ perceptions of fodder performances of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br) accessions in Niger. Heliyon, 7(9): e07965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07965
• Mulyaningsih, A., Suherna, S. and Gunawan, G. (2021). Environmentally friendly rice farmer empowerment for sustainable food security in Banten Province. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 17(1): 103–112. https://doi.org/10.25015/17202132969
• Munir, A. and Fadhilah. (2023). Climate Change and Food Insecurities: The Importance of Food Loss and Waste Reduction in Indonesia. The 4th International Conference on Global Issues for Infrastructure, Environment and Socio-Economic Development, 10-11 November, Makassar (Virtual), Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1134/1/012040
• Nasrullah and Ovitasari, M. (2022). Regulatory and Policy Responses toward SDGs in Achieving Sustainable Agriculture Productivity in Indonesia. 4th International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture (ICoSA 2021), 25-26 August, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012027
• Nguyen, N. and Drakou, E. G. (2021). Farmers intention to adopt sustainable agriculture hinges on climate awareness: The case of Vietnamese coffee. Journal of Cleaner Production, 303: 126828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126828
• Nusrathali, N. and Nikzaad, M. (2023). Integrating Livestock and Crop Systems for Enhanced Productivity and Grassland Conservation in Developing Countries. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.113109
• Obaisi, A. I., Adegbeye, M. J., Elghandour, M. M. M. Y., Barbabosa-Pliego, A. and Salem, A. Z. M. (2022). Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Agriculture. In: Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Ed(s): Lackner, M., Sajjadi, B. and Chen, W. Y., Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72579-2_133
• Ouerghemmi, H., Frija, A., Souissi, A., Carpentier, I., Shiri, Z., Dhehibi, B. and Rejeb, H. (2024). Are farmer organizations effective intermediaries and facilitators of agricultural innovations processes? Evidence from Tunisia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8: 144008. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1440086
• Pandey, S. C., Modi, P., Pereira, V. and Fosso Wamba, S. (2024). Empowering small farmers for sustainable agriculture: a human resource approach to SDG-driven training and innovation. International Journal of Manpower, 46(4): 652–675. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2023-0655
• Pappas, I. O. and Woodside, A. G. (2021). Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA): Guidelines for research practice in Information Systems and marketing. International Journal of Information Management, 58: 102310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102310
• Pretty, J., Benton, T. G., Bharucha, Z. P., Dicks, L. V, Flora, C. B., Godfray, H. C. J., Goulson, D., Hartley, S., Lampkin, N., Morris, C., Pierzynski, G., Prasad, P. V. V., Reganold, J., Rockström, J., Smith, P., Thorne, P. and Wratten, S. (2018). Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1(8): 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0114-0
• Prus, P. and Sikora, M. (2021). The impact of transport infrastructure on the sustainable development of the region—case study. Agriculture, 11(4): 279. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11040279
• Puech, T. and Stark, F. (2023). Diversification of an integrated crop-livestock system: Agroecological and food production assessment at farm scale. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 344: 108300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108300
• Purnomo, S. H., Sari, A. I., Emawati, S. and Rahayu, E. T. (2021). Factors Influencing the Adoption of Integrated Crop-Livestock to Support Land Conservation of Organic Agriculture in Mojosongo Area, Karanganyar, Indonesia. The 5th International Conference on Climate Change, 24-25 September, Bali, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/724/1/012049
• Quiroga, S., Suárez, C., Santos-Arteaga, F. J. and Rodrigo, J. M. (2024). Do common agricultural policy subsidies matter for the market-environment trade off? An evaluation of R&D objectives and decisions across farmers. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 15: 101047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101047
• Ragin, C. (2023). Analytic Induction for Social Research. In: Analytic Induction for Social Research. University of California Press, U. S. A. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.3850484
• Rihoux, B. and Ragin, C. (2009). Configurational Comparative Methods: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques. Sage Publications.
• Salendu, S. (2021). The productivity of the agricultural sector and industrial sector as a driving force of economic growth and community welfare in Indonesia. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 28(7): 2216–2231. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-07-2019-0349
• Sekaran, U., Lai, L., Ussiri, D. A. N., Kumar, S. and Clay, S. (2021). Role of integrated crop-livestock systems in improving agriculture production and addressing food security – A review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 5: 100190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100190
• Shamdasani, Y. (2021). Rural road infrastructure & agricultural production: Evidence from India. Journal of Development Economics, 152: 102686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102686
• Slimi, C., Prost, M., Cerf, M. and Prost, L. (2021). Exchanges among farmers’ collectives in support of sustainable agriculture: From review to reconceptualization. Journal of Rural Studies, 83: 268–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2021.01.019
• Soni, R., Gupta, R., Agarwal, P. and Mishra, R. (2022). Organic farming: A sustainable agricultural practice. Vantage: Journal of Thematic Analysis, 3(1): 21–44. https://doi.org/10.52253/vjta.2022.v03i01.03
• Sood, A., Bhardwaj, A. K. and Sharma, R. K. (2024). Towards sustainable agriculture: key determinants of adopting artificial intelligence in agriculture. Journal of Decision Systems, 33(4): 833–877. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2022.2154419
• Stepanova, E. V, Dalisova, N. A. and Karaseva, M. V. (2021). Engineering centers for the innovative development of the regional agricultural enterprises. IV International Scientific Conference: AGRITECH-IV-2020: Agribusiness, Environmental Engineering and Biotechnologies, 18-20 November, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/2/022085
• Sterzer, S. and Azizah, S. (2021). Trade and cooperation opportunities for the MERCOSUR countries in the livestock sector and beef meat in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan, 31(2): 175–185. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2021.031.02.11
• Sumantra, I. K. and Wijaya, I. M. W. (2024). Coffee Agro-Technopark Development Strategy in Tabanan Regency to Strengthen Agriculture and Tourism Synergism. International Interdisciplinary Conference on Green Development in Tropical Regions, 07-08 July, Padang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1306/1/012033
• Swastika, D. K. S., Priyanti, A., Hasibuan, A. M., Sahara, D., Arya, N. N., Malik, A., Ilham, N., Sayekti, A. L., Triastono, J., Asnawi, R., Sugandi, D., Hayati, N. Q. and Atman, A. (2024). Pursuing circular economics through the integrated crop-livestock systems: An integrative review on practices, strategies and challenges post Green Revolution in Indonesia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18: 101269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101269
• Tesema, T. (2021). Determinants of allocative and economic efficiency in crop-livestock integration in western part of Ethiopia evidence from Horro district: data envelopment approach. Heliyon, 7(7): e07390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07390
• Thomas, R. J., O’Hare, G. and Coyle, D. (2023). Understanding technology acceptance in smart agriculture: A systematic review of empirical research in crop production. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 189: 122374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122374
• Ton, G., de Grip, K., Lançon, F., Onumah, G. E. and Proctor, F. J. (2014). Empowering Smallholder Farmers in Markets: strengthening the advocacy capacities of national farmer organisations through collaborative research. Food Security, 6(2): 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-014-0339-3
• Widayati, C., Reski, P. and Nur, R. (2021). Strengthening Social Capital in Empowering Village Farming Communities in Padaherang District, Pangandaran Regency. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Social Sciences Education (ICSSE 2020), 24-27 September, Banjarmasin, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210222.059
• Wossen, T., Berger, T. and Di Falco, S. (2015). Social capital, risk preference and adoption of improved farm land management practices in Ethiopia. Agricultural Economics, 46(1): 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12142
• Yanfika, H., Effendi, I., Sumaryo and Ansari, A. (2024). The role of agricultural extension services on supporting circular bioeconomy in Indonesia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8: 1428069. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1428069
• Yang, P., van de Fliert, E. and Ou, Y. (2022). Guide for Training of Facilitators of Multi-Actors Agricultural Innovation Platforms. In Guide for Training of Facilitators of Multi-Actors Agricultural Innovation Platforms. Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO). https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8278en
• Zhang, F., Sarkar, A. and Wang, H. (2021). Does internet and information technology help farmers to maximize profit: A cross-sectional study of apple farmers in Shandong, China. Land, 10(4): 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10040390
• Zhang, R., Ma, W. and Liu, J. (2021). Impact of government subsidy on agricultural production and pollution: A game-theoretic approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285: 124806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124806
• Zhu, X. and Wang, G. (2024). Impact of agricultural cooperatives on farmers’ collective action: A study based on the socio-ecological system framework. Agriculture, 14(1): 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14010096