Sofralık Üzümlerde Pestisit Kalıntıları ve Sağlık Risk Değerlendirmesi

Öz

Pestisitler, bağcılıkta zararlılar ve hastalıklarla mücadelede, ürün verimini ve ticari kalitesini korumak amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’nin Manisa iline bağlı Salihli, Alaşehir ve Sarıgöl ilçelerinden toplanan taze sofralık üzüm örneklerinde pestisit kalıntılarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Farklı kimyasal sınıflardaki (insektisit, fungisit, herbisit, akarisit ve nematisit) toplam 260 aktif maddeyi kapsayan çoklu kalıntı QuEChERS–LC–MS/MS yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Toplam 54 üzüm örneği analiz edilmiştir. Tüm örneklerde en az bir pestisit kalıntısı tespit edilmiştir. Beş örnekte iki farklı pestisit, kırk üç örnekte ise üç veya daha fazla farklı pestisit kalıntısı belirlenmiş olup, birden fazla kalıntının birlikte bulunması yaygındır. Genel olarak 32 farklı aktif madde tanımlanmıştır. Tespit edilen insektisitler; acetamiprid, buprofezin, chlorantraniliprole, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, flubendiamide, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide ve tebufenozide; fungisitler ise ametoctradin, azoxystrobin, boscalid, bupirimate, cymoxanil, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, famoxadone, fluopicolide, fluopyram, kresoxim-methyl, mandipropamid, metalaxyl-M, metrafenone, myclobutanil, penconazole, pyrimethanil, spiroxamine, tetraconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol ve trifloxystrobin olarak belirlenmiştir. Kalıntı konsantrasyonları Avrupa Birliği maksimum kalıntı limitleri (EU-MRLs) ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz edilen 301 pestisit-örnek kombinasyonundan 294’ü yasal sınırlar içinde kalırken, yedisi MRL değerini aşmıştır. En sık tespit edilen pestisitler pyrimethanil, boscalid ve cyprodinil’dir. Bupirimate (fungisit) dışındaki tüm aşımlar insektisit grubundaki bileşiklerle (acetamiprid, buprofezin, deltamethrin ve methoxyfenozide) ilişkilidir. Yapılan diyet risk değerlendirmesi sonucunda, akut maruziyet açısından en yüksek katkı acetamiprid tarafından sağlanırken, kronik maruziyette bupirimate ve famoxadone diğer pestisitlere göre daha yüksek değerler göstermiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, sofralık üzüm üretiminde pestisit kalıntılarının düzenli olarak izlenmesinin, yalnızca ruhsatlı bitki koruma ürünlerinin kullanılmasının ve kalıntı düzeylerinin yasal sınırlar içinde tutulmasının hem tüketici sağlığının korunması hem de çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından büyük önem taşıdığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• LC-MS/MS
• Çoklu kalıntı analizi
• Pestisit kalıntısı
• Sultani çekirdeksiz üzüm
• QuEChERS

Pesticide Residues in Table Grapes and Health Risk Assessment

Öz

Pesticides are widely used in grape production to control pests and diseases, protect yield, and maintain commercial quality. This study investigated pesticide residues in fresh table grapes collected from Salihli, Alaşehir, and Sarıgöl (Manisa Province, Türkiye). A multiresidue QuEChERS-LC–MS/MS method was applied, covering 260 active substances across different pesticide classes (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, acaricides, and nematicides). In total, 54 grape samples were analyzed. At least one pesticide residue was detected in every sample. Two different pesticides were found in 5 samples, while three or more pesticides were identified in 43 samples, indicating frequent co-occurrence of multiple residues. Overall, 32 different active substances were detected. The insecticides identified included acetamiprid, buprofezin, chlorantraniliprole, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, flubendiamide, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, and tebufenozide. The fungicides identified included ametoctradin, azoxystrobin, boscalid, bupirimate, cymoxanil, cyprodinil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, famoxadone, fluopicolide, fluopyram, kresoxim-methyl, mandipropamid, metalaxyl-M, metrafenone, myclobutanil, penconazole, pyrimethanil, spiroxamine, tetraconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, and trifloxystrobin. Residue concentrations were evaluated against the European Union maximum residue limits (EU-MRLs). Among 301 quantified pesticide-sample combinations, 294 results complied with EU-MRLs, while seven exceeded the corresponding legal limits. Pyrimethanil, boscalid, and cyprodinil were the most frequently detected compounds. Except for bupirimate (a fungicide), all exceedances involved insecticides, specifically acetamiprid, buprofezin, deltamethrin, and methoxyfenozide. The dietary risk assessment revealed that acetamiprid contributed the highest acute exposure, while bupirimate and famoxadone showed relatively higher chronic exposure values. These results emphasize the importance of continuous pesticide residue monitoring in table grapes, ensuring the use of only authorized plant protection products and maintaining residue levels within regulatory limits to safeguard consumer health and environmental sustainability.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• LC-MS/MS
• Multiresidual analysis
• Pesticide residue
• Sultani seedless grape
• QuEChERS

Kaynakça

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