Impact of Salinity and Drought Stress on Germination of Asclepias curassavica L.

Öz

In this study, the germination performance of Asclepias curassavica L. seeds under salinity and drought stress, as well as their effects on radicle and plumule, were investigated. For the salinity stress experiment, solutions were prepared using 6 different NaCl at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM. To simulate drought stress, six distinct levels of water stress were created using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG 6000) solutions with varying water retention capacities, encompassing 0, -2, -4, -6, -8, and -9.8 bar. Germination trials were carried out with 20 seeds in each petri dish according to the random plots experimental design with four replications. In order to examine the germination performances of the seeds, the petri dishes in which the solutions to create the stress conditions were applied and the seeds were placed were tested for 15 days in a controlled germination cabinet with a constant ambient temperature of 20°C, 70% humidity, 14 hours of light, and 10 hours of dark conditions. According to the results obtained, in salinity stress applications, the germination rate of Asclepias curassavica L. seeds ranged from 100.00% to 5.00%; the radicle length varied between 34.34 mm and 2.65 mm; the plumule length ranged from 35.11 mm to 8.11 mm; the fresh weight of the radicle fluctuated between 9.38 mg and 0.70 mg; and the fresh weight of the plumula varied from 20.25 mg to 5.88 mg. In drought stress treatments, the germination rate of Asclepias curassavica L. seeds ranged from 100.00% to 65.00%; radicle length ranged from 33.86 mm to 5.89 mm; plumule length ranged from 23.86 mm to 10.04 mm; radicle fresh weight ranged from 8.95 mg to 2.53 mg; and plumule fresh weight ranged from 15.55 mg to 5.58 mg. The study indicates that low to moderate salt levels did not hinder the germination of Asclepias curassavica seeds, but salt stress could lead to a reduction in radicle and plumule growth, resulting in disproportionate development of the plants. Additionally, it was concluded that the germination of Asclepias curassavica seeds was preserved under drought stress up to a certain level, with root and shoot growth increasing compared to plants that were not exposed to stress. These findings highlight the species' ability to adapt under stress conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Germination
• Asclepias curassavica
• Salinity
• Drought stress
• Radicle
• Plumule

Tuzluluk ve Kuraklık Stresinin Asclepias curassavica L.'nin Çimlenmesine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada Asclepias curassavica L. türünün tuzluluk ve kuraklık stresine karşı tohumların çimlenme performansları, radikula ve plumula üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Tuzluluk stresi deneyi için çözeltiler altı farklı NaCl konsantrasyonu ile formüle edilmiştir: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 ve 250 mM. Kuraklık stresine benzer ortam sağlamak için su tutma kapasitesi yüksek polietilen glikol-6000 (PEG 6000) çözeltisi kullanılmış ve 0, -2, -4, -6, -8 ve -9,8 bar dahil olmak üzere altı farklı su stresi derecesi oluşturulmuştur. Çimlendirme denemeleri her petri kutusunda 20 tohum olacak şekilde tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre dört tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Tohumların çimlenme performanslarını incelemek amacıyla, stres koşullarını oluşturacak olan çözeltilerin uygulandığı ve tohumların bulunduğu petri kapları; ortam sıcaklığı 20oC’de sabit olan, %70 nem 14 saat aydınlık 10 saat karanlık koşullarda, kontrollü bir çimlendirme kabini içerisinde 15 gün süresince teste tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, tuzluluk stresi uygulamalarında Asclepias curassavica L. tohumlarının çimlenme oranı %100.00 ile %5.00 arasında; radikula uzunluğu 34.34 mm ile 2.65 mm arasında; plumula uzunluğu 35.11 mm ile 8.11 mm arasında; radikula yaş ağırlığı 9.38 mg ile 0.70 mg arasında ve plumula yaş ağırlığı 20.25 mg ile 5,88 mg arasında değişmiştir. Kuraklık stresi uygulamalarında ise, Asclepias curassavica L. tohumlarının çimlenme oranı %100.00 ile %65.00 arasında; radikula uzunluğu 33.86 mm ile 5.89 mm arasında; plumula uzunluğu 23.86 mm ile 10,04 mm arasında; radikula yaş ağırlığı 8.95 mg ile 2.53 mg arasında ve plumula yaş ağırlığı 15.55 mg ile 5.58 mg arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Çalışma, düşük ile orta tuz seviyelerinin Asclepias curassavica tohumlarının çimlenmesini engellemediğini, ancak tuz stresinin radikula ve plumula büyümesindeki azalmaya yol açarak bitkilerin orantısız gelişimine neden olabileceğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, belirli bir seviyeye kadar kuraklık stresi altında Asclepias curassavica tohumlarının çimlenmesinin korunduğu ve strese maruz kalmayan bitkilere göre kök ve sürgün büyümesinin arttığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu bulgular, bu türün stres koşullarında adaptasyon yeteneğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çimlenme
• Asclepias curassavica
• Tuzluluk
• Kuraklık stresi
• Radikula
• Plumula

Kaynakça

1. Alonso-Castro, A. J., Arana-Argáez, V., Yáñez-Barrientos, E., Torres-Romero, J. C., Chable-Cetz, R. J., Worbel, K., Euan-Canto, A. J., Wrobel, K., Gonzalez-Ibarra, A., Solorio-Alvarado, C. R. and Juárez-Vázquez, M. C. (2021). Pharmacological activities of Asclepias curassavica L. (Apocynaceae) aerial parts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 281: 114554.
2. Anonymous (2025). Wikimedia. Asclepias curassavica. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_curassavica#cite_note-eol-common-3e (Accessed Date: 21.02.2025).
3. Arslan, M. and Aydınoğlu, B. (2018). Effect of salinity (NaCl) stress on germination and seedling growth characteristics in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Academic Journal of Agriculture, 7(1): 49-54 (In Turkish).
4. Arslan, M., Aksu, E. and Doğan, E. (2018). Assessment of two grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) varieties in term of tolerance to drought stress. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 5(3): 261-267 (In Turkish).
5. Aslan, D., Zencirci, N., Etöz, M., Ordu, B. and Bataw, S. (2016). Bread wheat responds salt stress better than einkorn wheat does during germination. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 40(5): 783-794.
6. Begum, K., Hasan, N. and Shammi, M. (2024). Selective biotic stressors’ action on seed germination: A Review. Plant Science, 346: 112156.
7. Bıçakçı, T., Aksu, E. and Arslan, M. (2020). Determination of germination characteristics of covered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seeds in drought stress conditions. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 17(2): 124-136 (In Turkish).
8. Çakmakçı, S. and Dallar, A. (2019). Effects of different temperatures and salt concentrations on the germination of some corn silage varieties. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16(2): 121-132. (In Turkish)

9. Forte, C. T., Nunes, U. R., Filho, A. C., Galon, L., Chechi, L., Roso, R., Menegat, A. D. and Rossetto, E. D. O. and Franceschetti, M. B. (2019). Chemical and environmental factors driving germination of Solanum americanum seeds. Weed Biology and Management, 19: 113-120.
10. Gheidary, S., Akhzari, D. and Pessarakli, M. (2017). Effects of salinity, drought, and priming treatments on seed germination and growth parameters of Lathyrus sativus L. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(10): 1507- 1514.
11. Hâkimi, Y., Fatahi, R., Shokrpoor, M. and Naghavi, M. R. (2021). Investigation of germination characteristics of four medicinal plants seed (Lavender, Hyssop, Black cumin and Scrophularia) under interaction between salinity stress and temperature levels. Journal of Genetic Resources, 8(1): 35-45.
12. Hemavani, C. and Thippeswamy, B. (2012). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of root extract of Asclepias curassavica. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 4(1): 40-43.
13. Jaleel, C. A., Gopi, R., Sankar, B., Manivannan, P., Kishorekumar, A., Sridharan, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Studies on germination, seedling vigour, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt stress. South African Journal of Botany, 73: 190-195.
14. Jiang, L., She, C., Tian, C., Tanveer, M. and Wang, L. (2021). Storage period and different abiotic factors regulate seed germination of two Apocynum species - cash crops in arid saline regions in the Northwestern China. Frontiers Plant Science, 12: 671157.
15. Khan, M. O., Farooq, N., Nawaz, M. A., Fatima, S., Islam, E., Mukhtar, Z. and Ahmad, N. (2024). Evaluation of the salt tolerance potential of commercial brassica cultivars. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 55(4): 498-516.
16. Krasensky, J. and Jonak, C. (2012). Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(4): 1593-1608.
17. Leal, L. C., Meiado, M. V., Lopes, A. V. and Leal, I. R. (2013). Germination responses of the invasive Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae): comparisons with seeds from two ecosystems in northeastern Brazil. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 85(3): 1025-1034.
18. Li, L., Wang, J., Qian, C., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Li, W., Zhao, H. and Ju, Y. (2023). Physiological and molecular responses of Apocynum venetum L. (Apocynaceae) on salt stress. Horticulturae, 9: 1010.
19. Mahpara, S., Zainab, A., Ullah, R., Kausar, S., Bilal, M., Latif, M.I., Arif, M., Akhtar, I., Al-Hashimi, A., Elshikh, M. S., Zivcak, M. and Zuan, A.T. K. (2022). The impact of PEG-induced drought stress on seed germination and seedling growth of different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Plos One, 17(2): e0262937.
20. Majewska, A. A, and Altizer, S. (2019). Exposure to non-native tropical milkweed promotes reproductive development in migratory monarch butterflies. Insects, 10(8): 253.
21. Raja, S., Ahamed, H. N., Kumar, V., Mukherjee. K., Bandyopadhyay, A. and Mukherjee, P. (2005). Antioxidant potential of aerial part of Asclepias curassavica. Linn (Family-Asclepiadaceae). Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 5(2): 92-99.
22. Rezaee, Z., Chehrazi, M. and Moalemi, N. (2012). Effect of salinity stress on seed germination Catharanthus roseus Don. Cvs. Rosea and Alba. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4(2): 117-121.
23. Scott, S. J., Jones, R. A. and Williams, W. A. (1984). Review of data analysis methods for seed germination. Crop Science, 24: 1192-1199.
24. Shelke, V. and Bhot, M. (2019). GC-MS Analysis of bio-active compounds in ethanolic extract of leaf and stem of Asclepias curassavica L. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 9(2): 67-70.
25. SPSS (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics Base v23 for Windows. Armonk, NY, U. S. A.
26. Tardieu, F. and Tuberosa, R. (2010). Dissection and modelling of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 13(2): 206-212.
27. Tatrai, Z. A., Sanoubar, R., Pluhár, Z., Mancarella, S., Orsini, F. and Gianquinto, G. (2016). Morphological and physiological plant responses to drought stress in Thymus citriodorus. International Journal of Agronomy, 4165750: 1-8.
28. Uçarlı, C. (2020). Effects of Salinity on Seed Germination and Early Seedling Stage. In: Abiotic Stress in Plants, Ed(s): Fahad, S., Saud, S., Chen, Y., Wu, C., and Wang, D., Intechopen, U. K.
29. Wang, P., Mo, B., Long, Z., Fan, S., Wang, H. and Wang, L. (2016). Factors affecting seed germination and emergence of Sophora davidii. Industrial Crops and Products, 87: 261-265.
30. Wu, Z., Chang, P., Zhao, J., Li, D., Wang, W., Cui, X. and Li, M. (2022). Physiological and transcriptional responses of seed germination to moderate drought in Apocynum venetum. Frontiers in Ecology and Evollution, 10: 975771.
31. Xu, Z., Wang., M, Ren., T, Li., K, Li, Y., Marowa, P. and Zhang, C. (2021). Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the molecular mechanism of salt tolerance in Apocynum venetum. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 167: 816-830.
32. Xu, Z., Zhou, J., Ren, T., Du, H., Liu, H., Li, Y. and Zhang, C. (2020). Salt stress decreases seedling growth and development but increases quercetin and kaempferol content in Apocynum venetum. Plant Biology, 22: 813-821.
33. Zhang, H., Irving, J. L., McGill, C., Matthew, C., Zhou, D. and Kemp, P. (2010). The effects of salinity and osmotic stress on barley germination rate: sodium as an osmotic regulator. Annals of Botany, 106(6): 1027-1035.
34. Zheng, X., Xu, Y., Liu, B., Qi, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, X., Zhang, X., Pu, X., Li, S., Chen, Z. and Wan, C. (2019). Ethyl acetate extract of Asclepias curassavica induced apoptosis in human cancer cells via activating p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 9076269: 1-9.