Türkiye’nin Kırşehir İli Domates ve Biber Üretim Alanlarında Görülen Viral Hastalıkların Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 554 - 567, 16.03.2026

Ayşe Çandar , Alim Aydın , Ayşe Nur Şavkan , Ramazan Güngör , Hakan Başak

https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1655541

https://izlik.org/JA83LU62SA

Öz

Kırşehir ilinin yazlık sebze yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Merkez, Kaman ve Mucur ilçelerinde virüs hastalıklarının yaygınlığını belirlemek amacıyla 2023 üretim sezonu boyunca kapsamlı bir sörvey çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları sırasında üretim yapılan alanlardaki simptom gösteren bitkilerden yaprak örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, yapraklarda sararma (kloroz), hafif veya şiddetli mozaik, yaprak şekil bozukluğu, kabarcıklı mozaik, damar bantlaşması ve bitkide cücelik gibi belirtiler gözlemlenen 75 domates ve 75 biber olmak üzere toplamda 150 bitkiden yaprak örneği alınmıştır. Bu yaprak örnekleri tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) ve tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) varlığını belirlemek amacıyla double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) yöntemi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Toplanan 150 örneğin 122’sinin (%81.3) çeşitli virüslerle enfekte olduğu tespit edilmiş ve bu örnekler arasında %44.7 oranında tekli veya karışık enfeksiyon şeklinde saptanan ToMV en yaygın virüs olarak belirlenmiştir. ToMV’yi sırasıyla %41.3 enfeksiyon oranıyla TSWV, %16.7 ile CMV ve %16.0 ile TMV takip etmiştir. Kırşehir biber ve domates üretim alanlarından alınan örneklerin %18.7’ sinin TSWV, %18.0’ının ToMV ve %10.0’ının CMV ile tek başına enfekteli olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak örneklerin hiçbirinde TMV’ye ait tekli enfeksiyonlara rastlanmamıştır. Domates ve biber bitkilerindeki karışık enfeksiyonların durumu değerlendirildiğinde, örneklerin %14.0’ında TSWV+ToMV, %8.0’ında TMV+ToMV, %3.3’ünde TMV+TSWV, %2.7’sinde CMV+TMV ikili enfeksiyonları ve %2.7’sinde TMV+TSWV+ToMV, son olarak %2.0’ında TMV+CMV+ToMV üçlü enfeksiyonları tespit edilmiştir. Domates yaprak örneklerinde en yaygın virüs %41.3 oranıyla ToMV olurken, biber yaprak örneklerinde ise %56.0 oranıyla TSWV, en yaygın virüs olarak tespit edilmiştir. Domates bitkilerinde yapraklara en fazla zarar veren enfeksiyon TMV+TSWV+ToMV karışık enfeksiyonu olmuştur. Bu enfeksiyonun neden olduğu hasarlı yaprak alanı ortalama %88.8 olarak ölçülmüştür. Biber bitkilerinde ise en şiddetli hastalık, ortalama %54.6 hasarlı yaprak alanı ile TMV+CMV+ToMV karışık enfeksiyonu olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar ilçelere göre değerlendirildiğinde, Mucur ilçesinde %56.7 enfeksiyon oranıyla TSWV, Kaman ilçesinde %41.0 oranıyla CMV ve Merkez ilçede %77.8 oranıyla ToMV en yaygın virüsler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Kırşehir’in domates ve biber üretim alanlarındaki viral hastalıkların tanılanması açısından yapılan ilk araştırma niteliğindedir. Kırşehir'deki domates ve biber üretim alanlarında viral hastalıkların yaygınlığını ve çeşitliliğini ortaya koyarak, özellikle ToMV ve TSWV’nin üretim üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamıştır. Sonuç olarak, bölgede virüslerle etkin mücadele için dayanıklı çeşitlerin kullanımı, vektörlerin kontrolü, mono-kültür üretim şeklinin engellenmesi, enfekte tohum/fide kullanımının azaltılması ve entegre mücadele yöntemlerinin uygulanması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Domates , Biber , DAS-ELISA , Sebze virüsleri , Virüs hastalıkları

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Destekleyen Kurum

Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Uni

Proje Numarası

PLT.SERA.23.001

Teşekkür

This work supported by the Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Unit, Research Project (Project No: PLT.SERA.23.001), Turkey as sub-project of the Pilot University Coordinatorship of Agriculture and Geothermal Energy- Clustering in Thermal Greenhouses Project. In addition, the R&D greenhouse laboratory in the infrastructure of Geothermal Advanced Greenhouse Technologies and Production Techniques Joint Application and Research Center (JISTUAM) was used in the project.

Determination of Viral Diseases in Tomato and Pepper Production Areas of Kırşehir Province, Türkiye

https://izlik.org/JA83LU62SA

Öz

An extensive survey study was conducted during the 2023 cultivation season to determine the prevalence of virus diseases in the Central, Kaman and Mucur districts of Kırşehir province where summer vegetable cultivation is intensively performed. During the field studies, leaf samples were collected from symptomatic plants in the cultivation areas. Leaf samples were taken from a total of 150 plants including 75 tomato and 75 pepper plants with symptoms such as yellowing (chlorosis), mild or severe mosaic, leaf deformation, blistering mosaic, vein-banding on leaves and stunting. They were tested for the presence of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) method. 122 of the 150 samples collected (81.3%), were found to be infected with various viruses and ToMV which was found as single or mixed infections, was the most common virus with 44.7% rate among these samples. ToMV was followed by TSWV with 41.3% infection rate, CMV with 16.7% and TMV with 16.0%, respectively. 18.7% of the samples taken from Kırşehir pepper and tomato cultivation areas, were determined to be infected with TSWV, 18.0% with ToMV and 10.0% with CMV in the single infections and no single infections of TMV. When the situation of mixed infections in tomato and pepper leaf samples is considered, TSWV+ToMV were detected in 14.0% of leaf samples, TMV+ToMV in 8.0%, TMV+TSWV in 3.3%, CMV+TMV in 2.7% as double infection and TMV+TSWV+ToMV in 2.7%, TMV+CMV+ToMV in 2.0% as triple infections. The most common virus in tomato leaf samples with a rate of 41.3% was ToMV, while TSWV in pepper leaf samples with 56.0%. TMV+TSWV+ToMV mixed infection caused the most damage (average damaged leaf area 88.8%) to the leaves of tomato plants. In pepper plants, the most severe disease was determined as TMV+CMV+ToMV mixed infection with mean 54.6% damaged leaf area. TSWV with 56.7% infection rate in Mucur, CMV with 41.0% in Kaman and ToMV with 77.8% in Central district were determined as the most common viruses. This study has the characteristics of the first research on the identification of viruses in tomato and pepper production areas of Kırşehir. It has emphasized the impact of ToMV and TSWV on cultivation by revealing the prevalence and diversity of viral diseases in tomato and pepper production areas in Kırşehir. Consequently, it is recommended that the use of resistant varieties, control of vectors, avoiding mono-culture production, reducing the use of infected seeds/seedlings and the application of integrated pest management for effective control of plant viruses in the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tomato , Pepper , DAS-ELISA , Vegetable viruses , Virus diseases

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Destekleyen Kurum

Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Unit

Proje Numarası

PLT.SERA.23.001

Teşekkür

This work supported by the Kırşehir Ahi Evran University Scientific Research Projects (BAP) Unit, Research Project (Project No: PLT.SERA.23.001), Turkey as sub-project of the Pilot University Coordinatorship of Agriculture and Geothermal Energy- Clustering in Thermal Greenhouses Project. In addition, the R&D greenhouse laboratory in the infrastructure of Geothermal Advanced Greenhouse Technologies and Production Techniques Joint Application and Research Center (JISTUAM) was used in the project.

Kaynakça

• Abad, J., Anastasio, G., Fraile, A. and García-Arenal, F. (2000). A search for resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus in the genus Lycopersicon. Journal of Plant Pathology, 82 (1): 39-48.
• Abak, K., Erkan, O., Eser, B., Halloran, N., Yanmaz, R., Sarı, N. and Ekiz, H. (2000). Production Targets in Vegetable Agriculture in the 2000s. V. Turkish Agricultural Engineering Technical Congress, 17-20 January, P. 617-644, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Almeida, J. E. M., dos Reis Figueira, A., de Sousa Geraldino Duarte, P., Lucas, M.A. and Alencar, N.E. (2018). Procedure for detecting tobamovirus in tomato and pepper seeds decreases the cost analysis. Plant Protection- Bragantia, 77 (4): 590-598. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.2017317
• Arlı-Sökmen, M. and Şevik, M. A. (2006). Viruses infecting field-grown tomatoes in Samsun province, Turkey. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 39 (4): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235400500222057
• Bioreba (2014). ELISA Data Analysis. Technical Information, Version 4, CH-4153 Reinach BL1, Switzerland.
• Bioreba (2017). Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (DAS-ELISA): Test Specifications. Technical Information, Version 4, CH-4153 Reinach BL1, Switzerland.
• Bostan, H. and Dursun, A. (2002). Identification of some virus diseases in pepper production areas in Kemaliye and Yusufeli districts. Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty, 33 (4): 391-392. (In Turkish)
• Bozdogan, V. and Kamberoglu, M. A. (2015). Incidence and distribution of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) in vegetable crops in Antalya province of Turkey. The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 44 (1-2-3): 39-50.
• Çelebi, M. (2019). Effects of different growing media on the yield in tomato, cucumber and pepper, and on seedling in tomato. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 16 (2): 112-120. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.332857
• Çelik, N., Özalp, R. and Çelik, İ. (2010). Determination of some pepper lines and varieties resistant to Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus (TMV) with inoculation and ELISA test. Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute Derim Journal, 27 (2): 1-9. (In Turkish)
• Clark, M. F. and Adams, A. N. (1977). Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. Journal of General Virology, 34 (3): 475-483. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-34-3-475
• Çulal Kılıç, H. and Yardımcı, N. (2012). Cucumber mosaic virus in bean growing areas of Çine plain, Burdur, Turkey. The Journal of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 3 (2): 12-15. (In Turkish)
• Decoteau, D.R. (2000). Classifying Vegetable Crops. In: Vegetable Crops, Ed(s): Decoteau, D.R., Prentice Hall Publisher, New Jersey, U. S. A.
• Deligöz, İ., Baltacı, A., Çelik, N., Özdemir, S., Uzunoğulları, N. and Kutluk Yılmaz, N. D. (2023). Determination of viruses infecting pepper in Turkey. Anadolu Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38 (1): 117-130. (In Turkish) https://doi.org/10.7161/omuanajas.11274654
• Engindeniz, S. (2009). Vegetable production in Turkey and some suggestion for the future. Verimlilik Dergisi, 2: 99-11. (In Turkish)
• EPPO (2021). European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Datasheet: Orthotospovirus tomatomaculae (TSWV00). https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/TSWV00/datasheet, (Accessed Date: 02.07.2024).
• Geyik, S. (2017). Investigation on tomato virus diseases of virus in tomato growing areas in the Marmara region of Turkey. (MSc. Thesis) Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Tekirdag, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Gitaitis, R. D., Dowler, C. C. and Chalfant, R. B. (1998). Epidemiology of Tomato spotted wilt in pepper and tomato in Southern Georgia. Plant Disease, 82 (7): 752-756. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.752
• Gracia, O., de Borbon, C. M., Granval de Millan, N. and Cuesta, G. V. (1999). Occurence of different Tospovirus in vegetable crops in Argentina. Journal of Phytopathology, 147(4): 223-227. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147004223.x
• Griep, R. A., Prins, M., van Twisk, C., Keller, H. J. H. G., Kerschbaumer, R. J., Kormelink, R., Golbach, R. W. and Schots, A. (2000). Application of phage display in selecting Tomato spotted wilt virus-specific single-chain antibodies (scFvs) for sensetive diagnosis in ELISA. Phytopathology, 90 (2): 183-190. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.2.183
• Güldür, M. E., Marchouks, M. G. M., Yurtmen, E. and Yılmaz, M. A. (1995). A New Virus Harmful to Tomatoes Grown in Mersin and its Surroundings: Tomato spotted wilt virus. VII. Turkish Phytopathology Congress, 26-29 September, P. 303-306, Adana, Turkey. (In Turkish)
• Günay, A. (1992). Special Vegetable Cultivation II (Özel Sebze Yetiştiriciliği II). Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Horticulture Department Publications, Ankara, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Hooks, C. R. R. and Fereres, A. (2006). Protecting crops from non-persistently aphid-transmitted viruses: a review on the use of barrier plants as a management tool. Virus Research, 120 (1-2): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2006.02.006
• Kumar, S., Udaya Shankar, A. C., Nayaka, S. C., Lund, O. S. and Prakash, H. S. (2011). Detection of Tobacco mosaic virus and Tomato mosaic virus in pepper and tomato by multiplex RT-PCR. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 53 (3): 359-363. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.2011.03117.x
• Linn, W. B. and Wricht, J. M. (1951). Tomatoes diseases and insect pests idendification and control. University of Illinois Bulletin, No. 683, Illinois, U. S. A.
• Lueloff, S. and Hudelson, B. (2024). Tobacco mosaic, UV Plant Disease Facts D0115, University of Wisconsin Madison, Plant Pathology Department, Wisconsin, U. S. A.
• Mandahar, C. L. (2000). Variability of Plant Viruses. In: Plant Viruses Vol. II. Pathology, Ed(s): Mandahar, C. L., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, U. S. A.
• Marys, E., Ortega, E. and Carballo, O. (2008). Tobacco mosaic virus. In: Characterization Diagnosis and Management of Plant Viruses Vol. 1: Industrial Crops, Eds: Rao, G.P., Paul Khurana, S.M., and Lenardon, S.L., Studium Press LLC, Texas, U. S. A.
• Mazourek, M., Moriarty, G., Glos, M., Fink, M., Kreitinger, M., Henderson, E., Palmer, G., Chickering, A., Rumore, D. L., Kean, D., Myers, J. R., Murphy, J. F., Kramer, C. and Jáhn, M. (2009). ‘Peacework’: A Cucumber mosaic virus-resistant early red bell pepper for organic systems. HortScience, 44 (5): 1464-1467. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.5.1464
• Mrkvová, M., Hančinský, R., Grešíková, S., Kaňuková, Š., Barilla, J., Glasa, M., Hauptvogel, P., Kraic, J. and Mihálik, D. (2022). Evaluation of new polyclonal antibody developed for serological diagnostics of Tomato mosaic virus. Viruses, 14 (6): 1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14061331
• Nikolić, D., Vučurović, A., Stanković, I., Radović, N., Zečević, K., Bulajić, A. and Krstić, B. (2018). Viruses affecting tomato crops in Serbia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 152: 225-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-018-1467-y
• Nutter Jr., F. W., Esker, P. D. and Coelho Netto, R. A. (2006). Disease assessment concepts and the advancements made in improving the accuracy and precision of plant disease data. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 115: 95-103.
• Öncü, F. (2021). Determination and molecular characterization of some virus diseases on tomato and pepper plants in Eskişehir province. (MSc. Thesis) Selçuk University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Konya, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Özdağ, Y. and Sertkaya, G. (2017). Investigation on viruses causing yellowing disease in pepper in Hatay-Turkey. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Mustafa Kemal University, 22(1): 16-22.
• Palukaitis, P. and García-Arenal, F. (2003). Cucumoviruses. In: Advances in Virus Research (Volume 62) 1st Edition, Eds: Maramorosch, K., Murphy, F. A., and Shatkin, A. J., Elsevier Inc. Academic Press, U. S. A.
• Parrella, G., Gognalons, P., Gebre-Selassie, K., Vovlas, C. and Marchoux, G. (2003). An update of the host range of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 85(4): 227-264.
• Paylan, İ. C. and Erkan, S. (2013). Detection of some viral agents in vegetable seeds and determination of their prevalence. Journal of Agriculture Faculty of Ege University, 50 (3): 231-240. (In Turkish)
• Petrellis, N. (2018). A review of image processing techniques common in human and plant disease diagnosis. Symmetry, 10 (7): 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym10070270
• Pozharskiy, A., Kostyukova, V., Taskuzhina, A., Nizamdinova, G., Kisselyova, N., Kalendar, R., Karimov, N. and Gritsenko, D. (2022). Screening a collection of local and foreign varieties of Solanum lycopersicum L. in Kazakhstan for genetic markers of resistance against three tomato viruses. Heliyon, 8 (8): e10095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10095
• Randa-Zelyüt, F., Karanfil, A. and Korkmaz, S. (2025). Genetic diversity of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) isolates from tobacco growing fields of Western Anatolia, Türkiye. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 22(1): 98-107. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1413398
• Randa-Zelyüt, F., Karanfil, A. and Santosa, A. I. (2024). Investigation of viruses and phytoplasma infections in tomato plantations in Bilecik province, Türkiye. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, 8 (4): 786-796. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2024.4.7
• Scholthof, K. B. G., Adkins, S., Czosnek, H., Palukaitis, P., Jacquot, E., Hohn, T., Hohn, B., Saunders, K., Candresse, T., Ahlquist, P., Hemenway, C. and Foster, G. D. (2011). Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12 (9): 938-954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00752.x
• Şevik, M. A. and Arlı-Sökmen, M. (2012). Estimation of the effect of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infection on some yield components of tomato. Phytoparasitica, 40 (1): 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-011-0192-2
• Soler, S., Diez, M. J. and Nuez, F. (1998). Effect of temperature regime and growth stage interaction on pattern of virus presence in TSWV-resistant accessions of Capsicum chinense. Plant Disease, 82 (11): 1199-1204.
• Tsompana, M., Abad, J., Purugganan, M. and Moyer, W. (2005). The molecular population genetics of the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) genome. Molecular Ecology, 14 (1): 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02392.x
• TurkStat (2025). Turkish Statistical Intutitute (TURKSTAT) Crop Production Statistics. https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr, (Accessed Date: 05.03.2025).
• Uslu, Y. E. and Yorgancı, S. (2024). Seed and pollen transmission of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) in pepper. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University, 41 (3): 186-192. https://doi.org/10.55507/gopzfd.1547338
• Wang, H., Wu, X., Huang, X., Wei, S., Lu, Z. and Ye, J. (2022). Seed transmission of Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus in peppers. Viruses, 14 (9): 1873. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14091873
• Yanmaz, R., Özçoban, M., Gözlüklü, E. and Okçu, G. (2002). Outdoor Vegetable Cultivation in EU Countries and Expected Developments in the Near Future. Symposium on Horticulture in the EU Harmonization Phase. 25-26 April, P. 67-83, İzmir, Türkiye. (In Turkish)
• Yılmaz, E. (2014). Investigations on the identification of virus diseases in the vegetable growing areas of Edirne province in Turkey. (MSc. Thesis) Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, The Institute of Natural Sciences, Tekirdag, Türkiye. (In Turkish)