Türkiye’nin Kırşehir İli Domates ve Biber Üretim Alanlarında Görülen Viral Hastalıkların Belirlenmesi

Öz

Kırşehir ilinin yazlık sebze yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Merkez, Kaman ve Mucur ilçelerinde virüs hastalıklarının yaygınlığını belirlemek amacıyla 2023 üretim sezonu boyunca kapsamlı bir sörvey çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları sırasında üretim yapılan alanlardaki simptom gösteren bitkilerden yaprak örnekleri toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, yapraklarda sararma (kloroz), hafif veya şiddetli mozaik, yaprak şekil bozukluğu, kabarcıklı mozaik, damar bantlaşması ve bitkide cücelik gibi belirtiler gözlemlenen 75 domates ve 75 biber olmak üzere toplamda 150 bitkiden yaprak örneği alınmıştır. Bu yaprak örnekleri tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) ve tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) varlığını belirlemek amacıyla double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) yöntemi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Toplanan 150 örneğin 122’sinin (%81.3) çeşitli virüslerle enfekte olduğu tespit edilmiş ve bu örnekler arasında %44.7 oranında tekli veya karışık enfeksiyon şeklinde saptanan ToMV en yaygın virüs olarak belirlenmiştir. ToMV’yi sırasıyla %41.3 enfeksiyon oranıyla TSWV, %16.7 ile CMV ve %16.0 ile TMV takip etmiştir. Kırşehir biber ve domates üretim alanlarından alınan örneklerin %18.7’ sinin TSWV, %18.0’ının ToMV ve %10.0’ının CMV ile tek başına enfekteli olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak örneklerin hiçbirinde TMV’ye ait tekli enfeksiyonlara rastlanmamıştır. Domates ve biber bitkilerindeki karışık enfeksiyonların durumu değerlendirildiğinde, örneklerin %14.0’ında TSWV+ToMV, %8.0’ında TMV+ToMV, %3.3’ünde TMV+TSWV, %2.7’sinde CMV+TMV ikili enfeksiyonları ve %2.7’sinde TMV+TSWV+ToMV, son olarak %2.0’ında TMV+CMV+ToMV üçlü enfeksiyonları tespit edilmiştir. Domates yaprak örneklerinde en yaygın virüs %41.3 oranıyla ToMV olurken, biber yaprak örneklerinde ise %56.0 oranıyla TSWV, en yaygın virüs olarak tespit edilmiştir. Domates bitkilerinde yapraklara en fazla zarar veren enfeksiyon TMV+TSWV+ToMV karışık enfeksiyonu olmuştur. Bu enfeksiyonun neden olduğu hasarlı yaprak alanı ortalama %88.8 olarak ölçülmüştür. Biber bitkilerinde ise en şiddetli hastalık, ortalama %54.6 hasarlı yaprak alanı ile TMV+CMV+ToMV karışık enfeksiyonu olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar ilçelere göre değerlendirildiğinde, Mucur ilçesinde %56.7 enfeksiyon oranıyla TSWV, Kaman ilçesinde %41.0 oranıyla CMV ve Merkez ilçede %77.8 oranıyla ToMV en yaygın virüsler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Kırşehir’in domates ve biber üretim alanlarındaki viral hastalıkların tanılanması açısından yapılan ilk araştırma niteliğindedir. Kırşehir'deki domates ve biber üretim alanlarında viral hastalıkların yaygınlığını ve çeşitliliğini ortaya koyarak, özellikle ToMV ve TSWV’nin üretim üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamıştır. Sonuç olarak, bölgede virüslerle etkin mücadele için dayanıklı çeşitlerin kullanımı, vektörlerin kontrolü, mono-kültür üretim şeklinin engellenmesi, enfekte tohum/fide kullanımının azaltılması ve entegre mücadele yöntemlerinin uygulanması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Domates
• Biber
• DAS-ELISA
• Sebze virüsleri
• Virüs hastalıkları

Determination of Viral Diseases in Tomato and Pepper Production Areas of Kırşehir Province, Türkiye

Öz

An extensive survey study was conducted during the 2023 cultivation season to determine the prevalence of virus diseases in the Central, Kaman and Mucur districts of Kırşehir province where summer vegetable cultivation is intensively performed. During the field studies, leaf samples were collected from symptomatic plants in the cultivation areas. Leaf samples were taken from a total of 150 plants including 75 tomato and 75 pepper plants with symptoms such as yellowing (chlorosis), mild or severe mosaic, leaf deformation, blistering mosaic, vein-banding on leaves and stunting. They were tested for the presence of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) method. 122 of the 150 samples collected (81.3%), were found to be infected with various viruses and ToMV which was found as single or mixed infections, was the most common virus with 44.7% rate among these samples. ToMV was followed by TSWV with 41.3% infection rate, CMV with 16.7% and TMV with 16.0%, respectively. 18.7% of the samples taken from Kırşehir pepper and tomato cultivation areas, were determined to be infected with TSWV, 18.0% with ToMV and 10.0% with CMV in the single infections and no single infections of TMV. When the situation of mixed infections in tomato and pepper leaf samples is considered, TSWV+ToMV were detected in 14.0% of leaf samples, TMV+ToMV in 8.0%, TMV+TSWV in 3.3%, CMV+TMV in 2.7% as double infection and TMV+TSWV+ToMV in 2.7%, TMV+CMV+ToMV in 2.0% as triple infections. The most common virus in tomato leaf samples with a rate of 41.3% was ToMV, while TSWV in pepper leaf samples with 56.0%. TMV+TSWV+ToMV mixed infection caused the most damage (average damaged leaf area 88.8%) to the leaves of tomato plants. In pepper plants, the most severe disease was determined as TMV+CMV+ToMV mixed infection with mean 54.6% damaged leaf area. TSWV with 56.7% infection rate in Mucur, CMV with 41.0% in Kaman and ToMV with 77.8% in Central district were determined as the most common viruses. This study has the characteristics of the first research on the identification of viruses in tomato and pepper production areas of Kırşehir. It has emphasized the impact of ToMV and TSWV on cultivation by revealing the prevalence and diversity of viral diseases in tomato and pepper production areas in Kırşehir. Consequently, it is recommended that the use of resistant varieties, control of vectors, avoiding mono-culture production, reducing the use of infected seeds/seedlings and the application of integrated pest management for effective control of plant viruses in the region.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tomato
• Pepper
• DAS-ELISA
• Vegetable viruses
• Virus diseases

Kaynakça

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