Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak Toprağın Temel Özellikleri ve Besin Maddelerindeki Mekânsal Değişimlerin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Toprak, hava ve suyla birlikte, eski çağlardan beri beş temel elementten biri olarak kabul edilen, yaşamın üç vazgeçilmez bileşeninden biridir. Toprağın tek bir fiziksel veya kimyasal özelliği, toprak kalitesini belirlemek için yeterli değildir; bu özelliklerin bir kombinasyonunu değerlendirmek, toprak kalitesi özelliklerine ilişkin daha güvenilir ve kapsamlı bilgiler sağlar. Bölgenin genel yapısını temsil eden toprak örnekleme noktalarını seçmek, kalite değerlendirmelerinin doğruluğunu artırır. İç Anadolu bölgesinde bulunan Yozgat ilinde yürütülen bu çalışma, 30 farklı yabani kuşburnu yetiştirilen alandan toplanan toprak örneklerinin analizlerine dayalı olarak Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi (CBS) teknikleri kullanarak topoğrafik ve temel besin elementi haritaları oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Haritalar, bünye, toplam kalsiyum karbonat (CaCO3), pH, elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), makro besinler (N, P, K, Ca ve Mg), mikro besinler (Fe, Mn, Zn ve Cu), değiştirilebilir sodyum (Na) ve Evrensel Toprak Kaybı Denklemi toprak erozyon faktörü (USLE-K) için oluşturulmuştur. Başlangıçta, ASTER DEM'den (GDEM) elde edilen dijital bir yükseklik modeli kullanılarak eğim, bakı, yükseklik ve rölyef haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlara göre ilin toplam alanının %89.32'si deniz seviyesinden 1500 m yüksekliğe kadar olan alanlardan oluşmaktadır. 0-5º eğime sahip alanlar toplam alanın %50.74'ünü oluşturmaktadır. İlde güney, batı ve doğuya bakan yönler hâkimdir. En geniş üç arazi kullanım/örtüsü kategorisi sırasıyla sulanmayan tarıma elverişli alanlar (%35.294), sürekli sulanan alanlar (%14.212) ve doğal bitki örtüsüne sahip tarım alanlarıdır (%10.458). EC değeri 750 µmhos cm-1'nin altında olan alanlar toplam alanın %43.41'ini oluşturmaktadır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda ilin %16.61'inin orta kireçli, %39.47'sinin kireçli ve %37.05'inin ise yüksek kireçli olduğu belirlenmiştir. En düşük pH değeri Aydıncık ilçesinde kaydedilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri
• Karada yaşam
• Sayısal yükseklik modeli
• Sürdürülebilir tarım
• Toprak bitki besin elementleri

Determination of Spatial Changes in Basic Characteristics and Nutrients of Soil Using Geographic Information Systems

Öz

Soil, along with air and water, is one of life's three indispensable components and has been counted among the five basic elements since ancient times. A single physical or chemical property of soil is insufficient to determine soil quality; assessing a combination of these properties provides more reliable and comprehensive insights into soil quality characteristics. Choosing soil sampling points representative of the region's overall structure enhances the accuracy of quality assessments. This study, conducted in Yozgat province in the Central Anatolia region, aims to generate topographic and essential nutrient element maps using a Geographic Information System (GIS) technique based on analyses of soil samples collected from 30 different wild rosehip cultivation areas. Maps were created for texture, total calcium carbonate (CaCO3), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu), exchangeable sodium (Na), and the Universal Soil Loss Equation's soil erosion factor (USLE-K). Initially, slope, aspect, elevation, and relief maps were generated using a digital elevation model obtained from ASTER DEM (GDEM). Results indicate that areas up to 1500 m above sea level comprise 89.32% of the province's total area. Areas with a 0-5º slope represent 50.74% of the total area. South, west, and east-facing aspects prevail in the province. The three most extensive land use/cover categories are non-irrigated arable land (35.294%), continuously irrigated land (14.212%), and agricultural areas with natural vegetation (10.458%), respectively. Areas with EC values below 750 µmhos cm-1 constitute 45.47% of the total area. Analysis revealed that 16.61% of the province is moderately calcareous, 39.47% is calcareous, and 37.05% is highly calcareous. The lowest pH value was recorded in the Aydıncık district.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital elevation model
• Geographic information systems
• Life on land
• Soil nutrients
• Sustainable agriculture

Kaynakça

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