Sera Tarımında Domates Hasadının Ergonomik Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, sera ortamında yetiştirilen salkım domateslerin elle hasadında işçilerin yaşadığı zorlanma, yüklenme ve buna bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan ergonomik riskleri belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Türkiye, yıllara bağlı olarak değişmekle birlikte domates yetiştiriciliğinde ilk üç sırada yer almaktadır ve domates üretimi yaklaşık 13 milyon tondur. Bu pay içerisinde serada yetiştirilen domates miktarı ise yaklaşık 4,1 milyon tondur. Domates yetiştiriciliğinin iç ve dış pazarda ülke ekonomisine önemli katkısı bulunmaktadır. Tarım ürünlerinin yetiştiriciliğinde insan emeği ve zaman açısından en önemli payı hasat süreci almaktadır. Ülkemizde, sera tarımında çalışmalar, fiziksel koşulların uygunsuzluğu, mekanizasyon eksikliği vb. Nedenlerle ağırlıklı olarak elle yapılmaktadır. Hasat sırasında yapılan işe göre değişmekle birlikte, işçiler farklı ve garip vücut duruşlarında çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca domates hasadında, domateslerin olgunlaşma süreleri çeşide göre farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Bu da hasat işleminin tek seferde yapılmasını engellemektedir. Dolayısıyla hasat sırasında yapılan iş ve sergilenen vücut duruşları sürekli olarak tekrarlanmaktadır. Domates hasadı sırasında meyveler elle koparılsa da, bu durum meyvenin etli kısmına zarar vereceği ve değerini düşüreceği için istenmeyen bir durumdur. Bu sebeple hasat yapılırken yaygın olarak budama makasları kullanılır. Domates hasadında manuel yürütülen temel işler; meyvelerin salkımlarından kesilmesi, kasalara yerleştirilmesi ve kasaların depolama alanına taşınmasından oluşur. Bu süreçte, işçiler, domates salkımlarını keserken, dizler üzerinde uzanma, ayaklar üzerinde öne eğilme, çömelme, ayakta durma ve yukarı doğru uzanma olmak üzere 5 farklı iş istasyonunu takip etmektedirler. Çalışmada hasat sırasında işçilerin çalışma duruşları kaydedilmiş ve tarımda kullanılmak üzere geliştirilen AWBA skor belirleme cetveli kullanılmıştır. Buna göre, beş iş istasyonundan, yukarı doğru uzanarak toplamanın en yüksek, diğer duruşların ise yüksek risk skorunda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ergonomik riskin yüksek olması, hareketlerin sürekli tekrarlamalı olması ve hasat esnasında seranın iklim koşulları çalışanlar üzerinde kas iskelet sistemi rahatsızlıklarına sebebiyet verecek ölçüde bulunmuştur. Ergonomik risk skorunun düşürülmesi amacıyla bazı basit mekanizasyon önerileri geliştirilmiştir. Bu önerilerin uygulanarak test edilmesinin önemli ve gerekli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergonomik risk
• Tarımsal ergonomi
• Manuel hasat
• AWBA
• Domates

Ergonomic Analysis of TomatoHarvesting in Greenhouse Agriculture

Öz

This study was conducted to determine the strain, stress, and resulting ergonomic risks experienced by workers during the manual harvest of cluster tomatoes grown in greenhouses. Türkiye ranks among the top three tomato producers, with tomato production varying from year to year, at approximately 13 million tons. Of this total, approximately 4.1 million tons are grown in greenhouses. Tomato cultivation contributes significantly to the national economy in both domestic and international markets. The harvesting accounts for the largest share of labor and time in the cultivation of agricultural products. In Türkiye, greenhouse farming is predominantly carried out manually due to inadequate physical conditions, lack of mechanization, and other factors. While harvesting varies depending on the task, workers often work in unusual and awkward postures. Furthermore, ripening times for tomatoes can vary depending on the variety, preventing the harvest from being completed in a single harvest. Consequently, the work performed and postures adopted during harvest are constantly repeated. Although the fruits are hand-picked during tomato harvest, this is undesirable because it damages the flesh and reduces the fruit's value. For this reason, pruning shears are widely used during harvesting. The primary manual tasks in tomato harvesting include cutting the fruit from the bunches, placing them in crates, and transporting the crates to the storage area. During this process, workers maintain five different workstations while cutting the tomato bunches: kneeling, bending forward, squatting, standing, and reaching upward. Workers' working postures were recorded during harvesting, and the AWBA scoring scale, developed for agricultural use, was used. Accordingly, of the five workstations, reaching upward picking was found to be the highest, while other postures were found to have a high risk score. The high ergonomic risk, the repetitive movements, and the greenhouse climate during harvesting were found to be sufficient to cause musculoskeletal disorders in workers. Some simple mechanization recommendations have been developed to reduce the ergonomic risk score. It is considered important and necessary to implement and test these recommendations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergonomic risk
• Agricultural ergonomics
• Manual harvest
• AWBA Tomato

Kaynakça

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