Araştırma Makalesi

Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay

Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2 16 Mart 2026
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Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay

Öz

This study aimed to evaluate the actual fermentable sugar content of a commercially available energy drink by employing the Crabtree effect in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biological indicator system. To eliminate confounding effects, caffeine was removed through liquid–liquid extraction prior to experimentation. Yeast cultures were exposed to five different conditions: low glucose (5 g 100 mL⁻¹), high glucose (40 g 100 mL⁻¹), labeled glucose equivalent to the beverage (11 g 100 mL⁻¹), caffeine-removed energy drink, and a glucose-free control. Real-time monitoring of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide release, pH dynamics, and ethanol formation was performed using a tri-sensor fermentation monitoring system. Intracellular redox balance was assessed through NADH/NAD⁺ quantification at 0.5 min intervals. The low-glucose group exhibited limited oxygen depletion and moderate CO₂ production, consistent with predominantly respiratory metabolism. In contrast, the high-glucose group showed rapid oxygen depletion and pronounced CO₂ accumulation, confirming a switch to fermentative metabolism. The labeled-glucose condition displayed an intermediate response, characterized by partial oxygen utilization followed by moderate fermentation. Strikingly, the caffeine-removed energy drink induced the strongest fermentative profile, with CO₂ production reaching 91 %, pH dropping to 5.4, and ethanol formation occurring at 2.5 min despite oxygen levels above 50 %. Furthermore, the NADH/NAD⁺ ratio in this group increased earlier and more sharply than in all other conditions, indicating glycolytic flux exceeding mitochondrial capacity. These findings demonstrate that the tested energy drink contained considerably higher fermentable sugar levels than what is declared on its label. The integration of gas exchange data, pH measurements, ethanol detection, and redox balance strongly support the applicability of the Crabtree effect as a functional bioassay for hidden sugar detection in beverages. This approach not only complements chemical analyses but also offers a biologically relevant method for assessing metabolic impact. From a regulatory perspective, the results highlight the necessity for stricter labeling practices and underscore potential public health risks associated with undeclared sugars in energy drinks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank Balıkesir University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology for their support.

Kaynakça

  1. Aydın, S. and Dede, B. N. (2016). Toxicological evaluation of health effects of energy drinks. Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy, 36(1): 89-127.
  2. Dağlıoğlu, O. and Taşan, M. (2005). Structure, formation and dietary intake of trans fatty acids. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 2(1): 79-88.
  3. Grasser, E. K., Miles-Chan, J. L., Charrière, N., Loonam, C. R., Dulloo, A. G. and Montani, J. P. (2014). Energy drink consumption in Europe: A review of the risks, adverse health effects, and policy options to respond. Frontiers in Public Health, 2: 134.
  4. Karaoğlu, M. M., Kotancılar, H. G. and Aktaş, N. (2006). Effect of different modification techniques on the physicochemical and thermoanalytical properties of wheat and corn starch. Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty, 3(2): 83-91.
  5. Köse, D. A. and Peker, Z. (2023). Content analysis of locally marketed energy drinks: Turkish market. Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 51(4): 341-349.
  6. Malik, V. S. and Hu, F. B. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages and health: Where does the evidence stand? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(5): 1161–1162.
  7. Seifert, S. M., Schaechter, J. L., Hershorin, E. R. and Lipshultz, S. E. (2011). Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics, 127(3): 511-528.
  8. Silva, A. C., Monteiro, M. R. and Barbosa, L. F. (2021). Quantitative assessment of sugars in soft drinks using HPLC: Implications for labeling accuracy and consumer awareness. Food Chemistry, 342: 128321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128321

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Gıda Mühendisliği, Fermantasyon Teknolojisi, İçecek Kimyası ve İçecek Sensör Bilimi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

16 Mart 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

29 Ağustos 2025

Kabul Tarihi

15 Ocak 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA
Yilmaz, F., & Dündar, E. (2026). Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2), 862-871. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1773885
AMA
1.Yilmaz F, Dündar E. Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay. JOTAF. 2026;23(2):862-871. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1773885
Chicago
Yilmaz, Faysal, ve Ekrem Dündar. 2026. “Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 23 (2): 862-71. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1773885.
EndNote
Yilmaz F, Dündar E (01 Mart 2026) Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 23 2 862–871.
IEEE
[1]F. Yilmaz ve E. Dündar, “Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay”, JOTAF, c. 23, sy 2, ss. 862–871, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.1773885.
ISNAD
Yilmaz, Faysal - Dündar, Ekrem. “Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 23/2 (01 Mart 2026): 862-871. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1773885.
JAMA
1.Yilmaz F, Dündar E. Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay. JOTAF. 2026;23:862–871.
MLA
Yilmaz, Faysal, ve Ekrem Dündar. “Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 23, sy 2, Mart 2026, ss. 862-71, doi:10.33462/jotaf.1773885.
Vancouver
1.Faysal Yilmaz, Ekrem Dündar. Determination of Fermentable Hidden Sugars in Energy Drinks via Crabtree-Based Yeast Bioassay. JOTAF. 01 Mart 2026;23(2):862-71. doi:10.33462/jotaf.1773885