Makro ve Mikro Elementlerin Yaprak Uygulamasının Isparta Gülü (Rosa damascena Mill.)’nün Kalite ve Verimi Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Rosa damascena Mill., dünya çapında farmasötik, gıda ve kozmetik endüstrilerinde geniş kullanım alanına sahip en eski ve en kıymetli tıbbi bitkilerden biridir. Bu türden elde edilen uçucu yağ, yüksek ekonomik değeri ve eşsiz aromatik bileşenleri nedeniyle önemli bir ticari hammadde olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Alborz Araştırma İstasyonu’nda yürütülmüş olup, tarla koşullarında yetiştirilen Isparta gülünde makro element gübrelemesi ve demir temelli mikro elementlerin yapraktan uygulanmasının, niceliksel ve niteliksel özellikler üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Deneme, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine dayalı bölünmüş parseller şeklinde ve üç tekerrürlü olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ana parseller; kimyasal gübreler, çiftlik gübresi ve bu iki kaynağın çeşitli kombinasyonlarını içeren toplam 14 farklı gübreleme uygulamasından oluşmuştur. Alt parsellerde ise dört farklı düzeyde (0, 1, 2 ve 3 kez) demir nano-şelat içeren yapraktan püskürtme uygulaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, makro ve mikro element uygulamalarının bitki başına çiçek sayısını, taç yaprak verimini, uçucu yağ içeriğini ve uçucu yağ verimini istatistiksel olarak oldukça önemli düzeyde etkilediğini göstermiştir (p ≤ 0.01). En yüksek uçucu yağ verimi ve yağ içeriği N120P120K120 gübreleme uygulamasının üç kez yapılan yaprak püskürtme ile birlikte kullanıldığı denemelerde sırasıyla 6711.6 g ha⁻¹ ve %0.078 olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar hem makro besin elementlerinin hem de mikro besin takviyesinin optimum beslenme koşullarını sağladığını ve bitkide uçucu yağ sentezini önemli ölçüde artırdığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca çalışmada, gübreleme rejimlerinin uçucu yağ bileşimi üzerinde de belirgin değişikliklere yol açtığı ortaya konmuştur. Citronellol, nonadesen, hekzadekanol ve trikosen gibi temel aromatik bileşenler yüksek girdili gübreleme koşullarında dikkate değer artış göstermiştir. Özellikle koku kalitesinde belirleyici unsurlar olan citronellol ve nonadesen, hem makro hem mikro elementlerin birlikte uygulandığı gübreleme programlarında en yüksek seviyelerine ulaşmıştır. Bu durum, besin yönetiminin yalnızca verim artırıcı bir araç olmadığını, aynı zamanda ikincil metabolit profillerini düzenleyerek ürün kalitesini doğrudan etkileyen bir unsur olduğunu göstermektedir. Genel olarak bu araştırma, entegre besin yönetimi stratejilerinin Isparta gülü yetiştiriciliğinde hem biyokütle üretimini hem de uçucu yağın kimyasal kalitesini artırmada oldukça etkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Besin optimizasyonu, yalnızca tarımsal verimliliği artırmakla kalmayıp aynı zamanda uçucu yağ bileşimindeki değerli bileşenleri zenginleştirerek gül bazlı ticari ürünlerin ekonomik değerini artıran önemli bir uygulama olarak öne çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sekonder metabolitler
• Uçucu yağ
• Çiftlik gübresi
• Nano şelatlı demir
• Koku bileşenleri

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

The Effect of Macro Elements and Foliar Application of Micro Elements on the Yield and Quality of Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill)

Öz

Rosa damascena Mill. is one of the oldest and most valuable medicinal plants, widely utilized across the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries worldwide. The essential oil derived from this species is considered an important commercial raw material due to its high economic value and unique aromatic constituents. This study was conducted at the Alborz Research Station to evaluate the effects of macroelement fertilization and foliar application of iron-based microelements on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of damask rose grown under field conditions. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot layout within a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots comprised 14 different fertilization treatments, including chemical fertilizers, cow manure, and various combinations of both. The subplots consisted of foliar spraying with nano iron chelate at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 applications). The findings revealed that macro- and microelement treatments significantly affected the number of flowers per plant, petal yield, essential oil content, and essential oil yield (p ≤ 0.01). The highest essential oil yield (6711.6 g ha⁻¹) and essential oil content (0.078%) were obtained in treatments where N120P120K120 fertilization was combined with three foliar applications. This indicates that the combined supply of macro- and micro-nutrients substantially enhances essential oil biosynthesis by providing optimal nutritional conditions. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that fertilization regimes also caused notable alterations in essential oil composition. Key aromatic constituents such as citronellol, nonadecene, hexadecanol, and tricosene exhibited significant increases under high-input fertilization conditions. In particular, citronellol and nonadecene critical compounds determining fragrance quality reached their highest levels in treatments receiving both macro and microelement inputs. This highlights that nutrient management is not only a tool for improving yield but also a key factor influencing product quality through modulation of secondary metabolite profiles. Overall, the results of this research show that integrated nutrient management strategies are highly effective in enhancing both biomass production and the chemical quality of essential oil in damask rose cultivation. Nutrient optimization not only improves agricultural productivity but also enriches valuable constituents within the essential oil, thereby increasing the economic value of rose-based products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Secondary metabolites
• Essential oil
• Cow manure
• Nano Iron chelate
• Fragrance compound

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

Kaynakça

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