Uluslararası Turizm ve Tarımsal Arazi Kullanımı: Ülke Bazlı Heterojen Uzun Dönem Etkilere Dair Kanıtlar

Öz

Bu çalışma, turizmin tarım arazisi kullanımı üzerindeki küresel etkisini incelemektedir. Araştırma, tarım arazilerinin turizm alanlarına dönüştürülmesine yönelik son trendi Ricardo’nun Arazi Rantı Teorisi temelinde ele almakta ve bu farklılaşmaları çok fonksiyonlu tarım teorisi çerçevesinde temellendirmektedir. 1996-2018 dönemini kapsayan ve 57 ülkeye ait panel veri analizi sonuçları, daha yüksek turizm gelirlerinin tarım arazilerinde azalış ile ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna karşılık, sanayi istihdamındaki artış ve yüksek nüfus yoğunluğu tarım arazisi kullanımını desteklemektedir. Su stresi ile tarım arazisi kullanımı arasında net bir bağlantı tespit edilmemiştir. Ülke bazlı analizler, turizm ile tarım arazileri arasında 16 ülkede istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif bir ilişki bulunduğunu, 10 ülkede ise anlamlı ve pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durum, ülkeler arasında farklı bulguların olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Özellikle Afrika ve Latin Amerika’daki bazı ülkelerde tarım arazilerinin turizm gelişiminden olumsuz etkilendiği belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, tarım arazilerinin yalnızca ekonomik kazanç amacıyla değil, aynı zamanda çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, gıda güvenliği ve kırsal kalkınma unsurları gözetilerek yönetilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir. Kısa vadeli ekonomik kazançlar için tarım arazilerinin turizm amaçlı kullanıma dönüştürülmesi, uzun vadede geri döndürülmesi zor sosyal ve ekolojik maliyetlere yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, tarım ve turizm rekabet etmek yerine birbirini desteklemeli ve kırsal turizm veya tarım turizmi gibi modeller teşvik edilmelidir. Çalışma, karar vericiler için dengeli ve uzun vadeli arazi kullanım stratejilerinin önemini vurgulamakta ve politika tasarımında bütüncül yaklaşımlar önermektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, makro düzeydeki politika yapıcılara yol gösterebilir. Gelecekteki çalışmalar, giderek daha ayrıntılı mikro düzey veriler kullanarak yerel bağlamları daha derinlemesine inceleyebilir. Bu çerçevede sürdürülebilir kalkınma perspektifi daha da güçlendirilmekte ve desteklenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Turizm
• Tarım arazilerinin dönüşümü
• Sanayileşme
• Nüfus yoğunluğu
• Su stresi

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

International Tourism and Agricultural Land Use: Evidence of Heterogeneous Long-Run Effects across Countries

Öz

This study explores the global impact of tourism on agricultural land use. This research bases the recent trend of converting agricultural land into tourism areas on Ricardo's Land Rent Theory and further grounds these differentiations in the theory of multifunctional agriculture. Panel data analysis for the period 1996-2018 on 57 countries reveals that higher tourism revenues are associated with a decrease in agricultural land, whereas industrial employment growth and higher population density support agricultural land use. No clear link was found between water stress and agricultural land use. Country-based analyses revealed a significant negative relationship between tourism and agricultural land in 16 countries and a significant positive relationship in 10. This indicates mixed findings across countries. In some countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America, agricultural land is negatively impacted by tourism development. These findings indicate that agricultural land should be managed not only for economic gain but also with attention to environmental sustainability, food security, and rural development. Converting agricultural land for tourism for short-term economic gains may have social and ecological costs that are difficult to reverse in the long run. Therefore, agriculture and tourism should support each other, not compete, and models like rural or agro-tourism should be encouraged. The study emphasizes the importance of balanced, inclusive, and long-term land-use strategies for decision-makers and proposes holistic approaches to policy design. The findings can guide policymakers at the macro level. Future studies can explore local contexts more deeply by using increasingly detailed micro-level data. Within this framework, the sustainable development perspective is further strengthened and supported.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tourism
• Agricultural land conversion
• Industrialization
• Population density
• Water stress

Etik Beyan

There is no need to obtain permission from the ethics committee for this study.

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